Acumen:
International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research
ISSN: 3060-4745
IF(Impact Factor)10.41 / 2024
Volume 2, Issue 4
368
Acumen: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
ARXITEKTURA: TARIXIY EVOLYUTSIYA, ZAMONAVIY YO‘NALISHLAR
VA MILLIY IDENTITET MASALALARI
Davlatov Diyor Dilshodovich
Termiz davlat muhandislik va agrotexnologiyalari universiteti
Arxitektura (turlari bo’yicha) 3-kurs talabasi
Sultonova Xilolaxon Orifjon qizi
Termiz davlat muhandislik va agrotexnologiyalari universiteti
Arxitektura (turlari bo’yicha) 2-kurs talabasi
Anotatsiya:
Arxitektura insoniyat tarixida eng qadimiy va zarur sohalardan biri
hisoblanadi. Bu soha nafaqat yashash va mehnat qilish uchun zarur bo‘lgan makonlarni
yaratadi, balki jamiyatning estetik qarashlari, texnologik imkoniyatlari va madaniy
qadriyatlarini ham ifodalaydi. Bugungi kunda arxitektura fan, san’at va
texnologiyaning uzviy uyg‘unligini talab qiluvchi kompleks faoliyat turiga aylangan.
Kalit so’z: Tarix, makon, jamiyat, estetik, arxitektura, bino,texnlogiya,
Arxitektura nazariyasi va uning ijtimoiy mohiyati
Arxitektura nazariy jihatdan ikki asosiy tushunchani birlashtiradi: forma (tashqi
ko‘rinish) va funksionalik (foydalanish imkoniyati). Yevropa me’morchiligi tarixida
bu ikki tushuncha orasidagi muvozanat doimiy muhokama va bahs obyekti bo‘lib
kelgan. Misol uchun, Vitruviy (miloddan avvalgi I asr) o‘zining “De Architectura”
asarida arxitekturani uch asosiy tamoyil – firmitas (barqarorlik), utilitas (foydalilik) va
venustas (go‘zallik) doirasida izohlagan. Ushbu yondashuv hozirgacha o‘z ahamiyatini
yo‘qotmagan.
Tarixiy evolyutsiya: antik davrdan zamonaviygacha
Antik davr arxitekturasi (misol: Yunoniston va Rim) ustunlar tizimi va
simmetriya asosida shakllangan bo‘lsa, O‘rta asrlarda arxitektura diniy me’morchilik
orqali o‘zining yangi bosqichiga o‘tdi. G‘arbda gotika va barokko uslublari rivojlandi,
Sharqda esa islomiy me’morchilik gullab-yashnadi. O‘zbekiston hududidagi
Acumen:
International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research
ISSN: 3060-4745
IF(Impact Factor)10.41 / 2024
Volume 2, Issue 4
369
Acumen: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
Samarqand, Buxoro, Xiva kabi shaharlar bu davr me’morchiligining yorqin namunalari
hisoblanadi.
XX asrda modernizm arxitekturaga tub burilish kiritdi. “Less is more” (Kam –
ko‘pdir) shiori ostida faoliyat yuritgan arxitektorlar (masalan, Le Korbyuzye, Mies van
der Rohe) shaklning ortiqcha bezaklardan xoli bo‘lishini ilgari surdilar. Bu
yondashuvdan keyin postmodernizm arxitekturasi paydo bo‘ldi – unda ramziylik,
tarixiy ishoralar va madaniy kontekstlar qayta tiklana boshlandi.
Zamonaviy arxitektura va barqaror rivojlanish
Bugungi kunda global miqyosda “barqaror arxitektura” (sustainable
architecture) konsepsiyasi yetakchi mavzulardan biridir. Bu yondashuv ekologik
jihatdan toza materiallar, qayta tiklanuvchi energiya manbalari, suv va issiqlik tejovchi
tizimlardan foydalanishni nazarda tutadi. Ayniqsa, shaharlarda “yashil binolar”, “aqlli
uylar” va “urban farming” kabi innovatsion echimlar arxitektura sohasining yangi
yutuqlari sifatida e’tirof etilmoqda.
O‘zbekiston arxitekturasi: meros va modernizatsiya
O‘zbekiston hududi o‘zining boy me’moriy merosi bilan dunyo tamaddunida
alohida o‘rin egallaydi. Islomiy me’morchilik uslublari, geometrik naqshlar,
mozaikalar va gumbazli konstruksiyalar bu yurt arxitekturasining ajralmas
jihatlaridandir. Bugungi kunda esa bu tarixiy an’analar zamonaviy qurilish
texnologiyalari bilan sintez qilinmoqda. Masalan, Toshkentdagi “Tashkent City” yoki
Samarqanddagi “Silk Road Samarkand” majmuasi bu yo‘nalishdagi muvaffaqiyatli
namunalardir.
Ayni vaqtda, restavratsiya va konservatsiya ishlari ham dolzarb ahamiyatga ega.
Bunda tarixiy yodgorliklarni saqlab qolish, ularni yangi funksional makonlarga
aylantirish, mahalliy me’morchilik uslublarini zamonaviy loyihalarda qo‘llash kabi
yondashuvlar muhim hisoblanadi.
Arxitektura inson hayot tarzini belgilab beruvchi eng muhim ijtimoiy-madaniy
faoliyat turlaridan biridir. U tarixiy taraqqiyotning ajralmas qismi bo‘lish bilan birga,
kelajak jamiyatining shakllanishiga ham bevosita ta’sir qiladi. O‘zbekiston
arxitekturasi hozirgi kunda o‘zining tarixiy ildizlari va global tendensiyalar o‘rtasidagi
uyg‘unlikni izlayapti. Bu esa yangi arxitektor avlodidan nafaqat texnik bilim, balki
madaniy ong va ekologik mas’uliyatni ham talab qiladi.
Acumen:
International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research
ISSN: 3060-4745
IF(Impact Factor)10.41 / 2024
Volume 2, Issue 4
370
Acumen: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
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Acumen:
International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research
ISSN: 3060-4745
IF(Impact Factor)10.41 / 2024
Volume 2, Issue 4
371
Acumen: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
Durdubaeva, R., Beknazarov, K., Nomozov, A., Demir, M., Berdimurodov, E.,
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