Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
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03
ISSUE
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P
AGES
:
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SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
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)
(2022:
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015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
It is well known that physical activity has many benefits when performed at the levels and durations recommended
by organizations. Physical inactivity and therefore certain diseases are on the rise worldwide. Many studies have
shown that preventable diseases place a large financial burden on countries' healthcare systems and economies. In
recent years, interest in the features of the built environment associated with physical activity has increased sharply.
Creating supportive built environments in residential areas can be a strategy to increase physical activity in
communities. Walkable neighborhoods are characterized by the presence of characteristics that promote physical
activity, such as high housing density, diversity of land uses and routes, street connectivity, pedestrian infrastructure,
traffic and crime safety, and aesthetics. Research has identified relationships between perceived and objectively
measured characteristics of the built environment and physical activity in adults.
KEYWORDS
Physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, modern non-communicable diseases, built environment, sports, environment,
society.
INTRODUCTION
For thousands of years, people have been physically
active to feed, shelter, and protect themselves. He
made weapons from stone, bone and wood for
hunting and protection from predators. Sometimes he
hunted for prey for several days and fought with the
animals that attacked him. He domesticated animals
Research Article
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT
Submission Date:
December 09, 2023,
Accepted Date:
December 14, 2023,
Published Date:
December 19, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume03Issue12-25
Akhrorjon Nuriddinov
Asian International University Teacher Of The Department Of Physical Culture, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
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164
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OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
and led a nomadic lifestyle. With the domestication of
the horse, it became possible to travel further. After
farming began on the land, they began to lead a settled
life, and villages were built. Thanks to the technology
he developed, he began to use his div less and less.
Thanks to the industrial revolutions that began in the
17th century, people move less and therefore consume
less energy, but eat more than their daily needs and
struggle with a growing number of modern non-
communicable diseases. The cumulative effects of
sedentary lifestyles and accompanying dietary changes
have led first to an epidemic of cardiovascular disease
and,
more
recently,
to
an
epidemic
of
overweight/obesity in post-industrial societies. It is
estimated that pre-industrial people consumed a total
of 3000 kcal per day. Comparable estimates for today's
wealthy societies are around 2000 kcal. This change is
explained by a decrease in energy expenditure during
physical activity from approximately 20 kcal/kg/day in
hunters to 5 kcal/kg/day in sedentary Westerners.
The adventures of inaction that we have attempted to
summarize above led to efforts to take action around
the world beginning in the third quarter of the
twentieth century. Many questionnaires, diaries and
observational methods have been developed to assess
physical activity levels and are still widely used today.
In addition to the developed subjective methods, in
parallel with the development of technology, objective
measurements using heart rate monitors (HR),
pedometers,
accelerometers,
and
geographic
information systems (GIS) also have their place.
Currently, research on increasing physical activity is
gaining momentum. First, we see that research is
focused on understanding the factors limiting physical
activity and reducing these limitations.
Physical activity (PA) is defined as any movement of
the div that results from contraction of skeletal
muscles and requires energy expenditure. “Physical
activity,” “exercise,” and “physical fitness” are terms
that describe different concepts. However, they are
often confused and the terms are sometimes used
interchangeably. Exercise is a subcategory of physical
activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and
goal-directed in the sense of improving or maintaining
one or more components of physical fitness. Physical
fitness is a set of characteristics related to health or
skill. The extent to which people possess these
characteristics can be measured using certain tests.
These definitions are offered as a basis for interpreting
research linking physical activity, exercise, and physical
fitness to health. Physical activity includes play, work,
active transport, housework and other activities that
include physical activity as part of leisure time, as well
as exercise.
Physical inactivity (PI) is defined as the absence of any
or very little physical activity at work, at home, in
transport or during leisure time and failure to comply
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03
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SJIF
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(2021:
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164
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OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
with physical activity recommendations considered
necessary for public health.
Sedentary lifestyle is a growing health and economic
problem
Physical inactivity is reported to be responsible for 9%
of premature deaths, or more than 5.3 million deaths in
2008. Strong evidence shows that physical inactivity
increases life expectancy and reduces the risk of major
non-communicable diseases, including coronary heart
disease, type 2 diabetes, and breast and colon cancer.
Since the majority of the world's population leads a
sedentary lifestyle, this addiction poses a serious
health problem. There are studies aimed at measuring
the role of physical inactivity in causing major non-
communicable diseases, at estimating how many
diseases could be prevented if sedentary people
became active, and at increasing community life
expectancy. Physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyles
create a significant economic burden worldwide and
also increase the risk of many adverse health
conditions, morbidity and mortality. It is reported that
3.6 million deaths worldwide could be prevented each
year if two-thirds of sedentary people increased their
activity to the level recommended by guidelines.
In 2013, the global economic cost of physical inactivity
to healthcare systems worldwide was estimated at
$53.8 billion. In addition, deaths associated with
physical inactivity result in $13.7 billion in lost
productivity.
In high-income countries, 26% of men and 35% of
women are not physically active enough, compared
with 12% of men and 24% of women in low-income
countries. Low or declining physical activity usually
corresponds to high or increasing gross national
product.
On World Obesity Day, leading obesity organizations
around the world are calling for collective action to
tackle the global obesity problem. At the lower end of
the range recommended by the 2020 WHO guidelines,
engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity
physical activity per week would increase global gross
domestic product (GDP) by 0.15
–
0.24% per year by
2050. Over a thirty-year forecast horizon (in 2019
prices), this increase is estimated at US$314
–
446 billion
per year, with a total cost of US$6.0
–
8.6 trillion. Results
vary by country due to differences in physical activity
levels and per capita GDP. A systematic review of the
literature identified 74 comparable studies that
provided estimates of the risk of all-cause mortality
associated with physical inactivity. The presented
meta-regression estimates of mortality risk compare
people with moderate and high levels of physical
activity to a baseline group with low activity, after
adjusting for health status and lifestyle factors. As a
result, increasing physical activity in society leads to
significant economic benefits for the global economy
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(2021:
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
by reducing mortality and morbidity in working age and
increasing productivity, in particular by reducing lost
workdays. .
Our health is closely linked to where we live
In recent years, interest in the features of the built
environment associated with physical activity has
increased
sharply.
Creating
supportive
built
environments in residential areas can be a strategy to
increase physical activity in communities. Walkable
neighborhoods are characterized by the presence of
characteristics that promote physical activity, such as
high housing density, diversity of land uses and routes,
street connectivity, pedestrian infrastructure, traffic
and crime safety, and aesthetics.
Research has identified relationships between
perceived and objectively measured characteristics of
the built environment and physical activity in adults. A
meta-analysis found that the availability of physical
activity spaces, sidewalks, shopping and services
within walking distance, and road safety were
positively associated with physical activity in adults. A
multi-country study found that certain perceived
environmental characteristics (e.g., housing density,
access to land use, diversity of land use patterns, street
connectivity or traffic safety, crime safety, and
aesthetics) promote transit walking, leisure walking, or
moderate to vigorous walking. Physical activity: A
systematic review of 25 Canadian studies found that
total walkability and land use were consistently
associated with walking on public transport.
In women, general physical activity is determined to be
6-10% less than in men. Evidence suggests that the
importance of some neighborhood characteristics in
supporting physical activity may differ for men and
women. The association between total walking and
transit minutes was found to be stronger for women
than for men. However, these data are particularly
important for planning physical activity interventions
aimed at increasing participation and/or duration of
moderate-to-vigorous physical activity for both men
and women.
Significantly higher levels of physical activity are
reported among residents of areas where the built
environment supports physical activity. A cross-
sectional study examining the association of physical
activity with the urban environment in 14 cities around
the world provides a comprehensive overview of the
quality of the built environment and physical activity
outcomes across five continents (6822 adults) and
provides an effective assessment. Four built
environments: walking distance from residence (0.5
km), public parks; high density of public transport, such
as bus, train or ferry stops, and the number of stops;
Net residential density and more pedestrian
intersections were positively and linearly associated
with higher levels of physical activity in the single
environment model. Geographic information systems
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
and accelerometers are used to objectively assess the
environment and physical activity. They noted a
difference of 68
–
89 minutes of moderate to vigorous
physical activity per week between the least and most
affluent areas of the built environment; This is a
significant difference, representing 45-59% of the
moderate to vigorous physical activity recommended
by the World Health Organization per week. According
to the results of this study, almost two thirds of
physically inactive people could meet international
recommendations if they added 10 minutes of
moderate to vigorous physical activity to their daily
routine.
Traditionally, some of the world's most pedestrian-,
physical-activity-, and bicycle-friendly cities have been
built or developed for the broader public good and a
general sense of citizenship, rather than specifically for
physical activity or health. Wide sidewalks (shaded by
trees to combat hot weather in tropical countries),
bike paths, green areas for walking, parks and sports
centers were built decades ago for the benefit of the
public. Delhi and Mumbai in India were pedestrian-
friendly cities, but they were ordinary. But rampant
new construction has weakened their accessibility for
pedestrians and cyclists. Likewise, cycling to work has
significant health benefits, with the popular Danish
cycling system providing transport for 25% of the
population. The death rate among those who cycle to
work is 30 percent lower than among those who use
passive transport.
Historically, urban planning and the built environment
have been heavily influenced by infectious diseases
such as cholera, rheumatism, and tuberculosis.
Continuous
and
long-term
multi-dimensional
assessment of the existing urban built environment
should be an integral part of urban planning and
management. With rapidly increasing inactivity due to
urbanization, we need initiatives that create an
environment that changes our daily lifestyle.
International Organization for Physical Activity and the
Environment (IPEN)
To change behavior in society, it is important to
understand the underlying forces responsible for
current patterns and trends. Among the many possible
factors under consideration, physical environmental
variables are particularly promising. In many countries,
land development practices are increasingly based on
car-centric suburban models, with risk factors for
inactivity and obesity. A better understanding of how
to create action-ready communities can lead to
informed policy recommendations. Country-specific
data are needed to provide reliable evidence to
policymakers.
The main objectives of the IPEN study were: To
determine the strength of the association between
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Publisher:
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Servi
leisure-time physical activity, walking/cycling for
transport, and BMI and environment in all participants
using self-report data. environment. will be collected
according to a common protocol.
What is walking ability?
Some may think of "walkable" neighborhoods as
places where people enjoy walking. Of course, there
may be conditions that encourage leisure time walking.
However, the concept of “walkability” used in the IPEN
project methodology is different as it comes from the
field of transport and urban planning and primarily
refers to environments that encourage people to walk
or cycle for transport. In this context, “walkable”
neighborhoods are places where multiple destinations
can be easily reached on foot or by bike. Thus, two
important factors in the "Walkability Index" (used to
select neighborhoods for IPEN studies) are street
connectivity and land use mix: schools, homes, offices,
and shops are all within easy walking distance of each
other in a given area.
What is a Geographic Information System (GIS)?
One of the most challenging parts of environmental
research can be examining geographic information
systems (GIS) and census data. GIS is computer
software that links geographic information (where
things are) with descriptive information (how things
are). Unlike a simple paper map, where “what you see
is what you are,” a GIS can contain multiple layers of
information.
Interdisciplinary team
The first step in designing and planning physical activity
and
environmental
studies
is
to
form
an
interdisciplinary team. It is important to work with
specialists in the following areas:
• City planner
• Transport engineer
• GIS Specialist
• Architect
• Behavioral scientist
• Advocate; advocate
• Recreation Specialist
GIS has been used with great success in the study of
physical activity and the environment. Although GIS is
a technology that provides excellent objective data
about environmental characteristics, the challenge is
to transform this data into meaningful information.
Collaboration
with
behavioral
scientists,
epidemiologists and researchers from other disciplines
is especially important here. For example, in health
research, behavioral scientists, epidemiologists,
demographers, and other disciplines study the spatial
determinants of health behavior. In the field of
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
transportation and urban planning, researchers in
social geography, urban studies, architecture,
transportation engineering, and other disciplines study
how urban form influences the choice of active versus
passive transportation. Researchers in recreation
studies and related fields have developed a wide range
of knowledge, concepts, and methods for active
recreation in parks, trails, and public spaces. Now these
disciplines are uniting and finding a new common
denominator.
The main goal of IPEN is to develop interdisciplinary
connections that allow better collection of behavioral,
social and spatial data.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Technological development today is causing a gradual
increase in inactivity. Rates of insufficient physical
activity are rising in high-income countries and around
the world, with women being less active than men. In
many countries, significant strengthening of national
efforts is needed to scale up effective policy
implementation. As a result of inactivity, diseases such
as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, high blood
pressure and obesity are on the rise. The diseases that
people face cause loss of labor at both individual and
societal levels, place a burden on the health care
system and the economy in treating the diseases and
reach large numbers.
Better understanding of behavior and how it
interactively influences health outcomes, health care
utilization, and workforce productivity can help
develop efficient land use and transportation
initiatives and lead to specific policy changes to
support health and well-being. communities. In
addition, interdisciplinary collaboration between
health, environment, land use, and transportation
supports long-term institutional awareness of health
benefits and costs. It helps bridge existing gaps
between policy, planning, science, health and
spending, resulting in healthier, more resilient and
more equitable communities.
However, changing the status quo will require bold
leadership and full coordination across sectors. Cross-
sector collaboration can yield significant returns, as
policies that promote physical activity contribute to
health, local economies, community well-being and
environmental sustainability, as well as the
achievement of many development goals.
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