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ABSTRACT
Identification and development of talents in the training of high-level athletes is a complex and multifaceted process.
As the need for technical, tactical, conditional and psychological characteristics of the sports network increases, it
becomes difficult to predict future performance. The process of talent development is influenced by factors such as
children's developmental periods and levels, relative age effects, gender, athlete training program, social support,
coaches' qualifications, and use of equipment and facilities. In this study; It mainly emphasizes the importance of
cooperation of sports scientists, coaches and statisticians under the umbrella of sports federations in talent
development models and approaches that take into account the stages of identification, verification, development,
improvement and transfer of talent after selection. In our country, instead of improving the performance of a small
number of talented athletes from adolescence, long-term programs of athlete development are recommended for
children who have been identified as talented among the masses, who have received elementary movement training
from qualified physical education teachers since the middle ages.
KEYWORDS
Talent identification, Talent models, Stages of development. Problems of talent development. Selection of talents.
Sports. High efficiency.
INTRODUCTION
Research Article
MANAGING THE PROCESS OF TALENT DEVELOPMENT IN SPORTS
ANATASIA
Submission Date:
November 15, 2023,
Accepted Date:
November 20, 2023,
Published Date:
November 25, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume03Issue11-15
Akhrorjon Nuriddinov
Asian International University Teacher Of The Department Of Physical Culture, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
122
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
121-132
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
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(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
One of the main tasks of sports federations is to
identify talented children from a young age and
prepare
them
for
international
success
by
knowledgeable, qualified, ethical and professional
coaches. Talent selection and systematic sports
training, which began in the United States in 1947 and
are practiced worldwide, still have unsolved problems.
In the first half of the 21st century, various studies have
shown that one of the most important challenges
facing sports organizations is talent management.
Ability, which is a complex trait, is determined by
heredity, has a complex structure and is influenced by
environmental conditions. Although sport scientists
continue to define the characteristics necessary for
elite performance, there is no national or international
consensus on the definition of talent, which includes
the identification, selection and development of talent.
In general, the observation of the coach and the
decisions of the experts are crucial in the selection and
selection process.
This study highlights the importance of approaches
that take into account the talent development models
of coaches, statisticians and sports scientists
responsible for sports federations in the stages of
identification,
verification,
development,
improvement and management of talent after
selection.
Problems of talent identification and development
There are many key challenges within talent selection
models and criteria, such as training suitable coaches
for planned training, directing highly developed
athletes to top clubs, and providing budgets and
resources.
It is difficult to make a selection that captures all the
characteristics of actual performance, including
physical, physiological, anthropometric, psychological,
sociological, and environmental factors. The primary
goal of talent selection is to maximize an athlete's
genetic potential through training to achieve athletic
success. In other words, the interaction of genetic
abilities, such as race, gender, genetic background,
intelligence, locomotor, neuromuscular, anatomical
structure, and psychological state, which are the basic
building blocks of biological endowment, are
determinants of future performance. It is known that
in the first stage of talent screening, age differences
between children expressed only by years also lead to
changes in performance due to higher div weight
and height in children born at the beginning, middle
and end of the same year. will bring.
Although the relative age effect decreases with age
during adolescence, it has been reported to have little
effect on performance in team sports. There are
challenges in identifying talent in such a complex,
dynamic and complex process. The definition of talent
varies depending on the needs of the sports network.
Structural,
physiological,
psychological,
motor,
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technical and tactical elements are important in
determining talent according to the open or closed skill
level of the respective sports network. For example; In
areas such as rowing, swimming, and cycling, testing
motor characteristics is more important in predicting
future performance. However, in team and combat
sports, there is a need to develop complex
characteristics that include conditional characteristics
along with technical and tactical skills. Therefore, it is
more difficult to predict future performance with the
results of motor tests in these sports. Precocious are
undoubtedly among the best athletes of childhood.
For example; In areas such as rowing, swimming, and
cycling, testing motor characteristics is more
important in predicting future performance. However,
in team and combat sports, there is a need to develop
complex characteristics that include conditional
characteristics along with technical and tactical skills.
Therefore, it is more difficult to predict future
performance with the results of motor tests in these
sports. Precocious are undoubtedly among the best
athletes of childhood.
Unfortunately, because most children's sports
programs focus too much on winning, latecomers are
not given an equal opportunity to participate. Often,
these children are discriminated against. The peak
growth rate (peak height velocity) indicates both
training readiness and early development of the
athlete. Height increases by an average of 5 cm per
year, doubles during the peak growth period, and
returns to its previous level the following year. A phase
of rapid height growth should be observed with
regular anthropometric measurements. The increase in
physiological capacity, in other words, the increase in
aerobic development corresponds to this period and
constitutes the beginning of optimal loads.
Overloads and the stress of intensive training, which
is psychologically difficult, not only lead to fatigue, but
also often lead to injuries. In many cases, long-term
training programs for children are not implemented. In
comparison, parents and coaches want to achieve the
goal in a short time, coaches do not pay enough
attention to the child's anatomical strength. If trainers
do not focus on the strengthening of ligaments,
tendons, joint cartilage and muscle tissue (anatomic
adaptation training), the injury-preventing part of the
training program is forgotten. Add to this disadvantage
high-intensity training and injuries occur. Therefore, at
first, a gifted child moves away from sports and loses
enthusiasm and cannot keep up with sports activities.
Theoretical foundations of talent selection and
development
In the process of talent selection, coaches who
influence the sports experience of young people with
their values, views and behavior occupy the most
important place. The level of satisfaction of young
people with sports training and the continuity of their
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desire to continue training are largely influenced by
coaches and lead to higher performance. In general,
training conducted by coaches to identify and develop.
1)
Erikson's concept of planned and structured
activity.
2)
Bloom's step-by-step approach to talent
development
3)
Stages of Kot participation in sports activities
4)
Gagne's theories of differentially gifted
intelligence and talent model is based on.
Achieving high performance requires continuous
investments and planned actions for implementation.
If activities are clearly defined and planned at an
appropriate level of difficulty, adequate feedback is
provided, opportunities for repetition are created, and
errors are identified and corrected, athletic
performance can be improved. Sources are the factors
that limit the maximum performance of the planned
training by athletes; It shows motivation and drive.
These resources include sufficient time, energy, access
to a qualified trainer, training equipment, and other
facilities.
High-level individual performance is limited if
insufficient time is devoted to high-quality training, if
coaches are not informed about the talent selection
process, and if equipment and facilities are inadequate
or inaccessible. It is well known that intrinsic
motivation rather than extrinsic motivation is the
source of sustained participation in sports activities. If
efforts are made to improve performance without
setting goals for daily, weekly, monthly, annual and
development periods, the athlete's desire to
participate in training will decrease. athletes to
participate in training and adapt to high-intensity work.
It states that high-quality planned practices are
sufficient to achieve excellence in sports.
It is emphasized that the development of high
abilities of athletes in their special areas depends on
the support of the coach and the social environment,
the constant contribution to development, training
and training. Emphasizing that it takes years of
dedication and commitment to develop talent, he
stressed that the support and quality education
provided by athletes' families, teachers and coaches is
critical to success. In the early years of an athlete's
development,
• Oriented to the development process, polite,
cheerful, protects the athlete and recognizes his high
talent;
•
Highly
technical,
highly
skilled,
highly
individualized, respected, strong leadership that
monitors developmental changes in adolescence and
beyond,
especially
cognitive,
affective,
and
psychomotor behaviors and those who possess
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management skills and achieve the expected
competency results;
He emphasized the importance of learning from a
coach who is feared and respected, who can achieve
success and is demanding, who always loves and thinks
about the athletes even when he gets angry. their
goodness and success. He emphasized that sports
participants should strive for success and competitions
should be an important indicator of progress.
He pointed out that there are three different stages
of participation in sports activities. These are periods
of
experience
(discovery),
specialization
(development), and investment (mastery). Athletes at
every level have the opportunity to progress to the
next level and can complete their studies or continue
the activity as a hobby. At the initial stage of sports
activity (testing and discovery), athletes, coaches and
parents aged 4-12 years all become a "family of
athletes". A child who gets acquainted with various
sports discovers his skills. If children start special
training from an early age and compete in such fields
as gymnastics and skating, they become competitors in
individual and team sports at an older age.
The most important problems at this stage come
from too much emphasis on competition and/or
insufficient coaching. A significant amount of time and
money is invested in the development of sport-specific
skills in planned systematic research during the
privatization and investment phases. He noted that
during the investment years, the athlete should spend
a lot of time and effort on training and preparing for
competitions. He emphasized the importance of
providing both emotional and financial support to
facilitate participation in sports events. It is also
emphasized that athletes should be supported to
overcome difficulties such as injuries, handicaps and
low motivation levels that hinder their development.
The athlete should continue training at his own will
and with the support of his family, under the guidance
of his coach. Trying too hard to achieve early success
can lead to athlete burnout. It is necessary not to
exceed the planned goals and constantly monitor the
level of recovery of the athlete. Demonstrating
exemplary athlete behavior during the investment
(mastery) stage is the most distinctive feature of this
stage. It is important to define specific, measurable,
attainable, realistic and attainable goals in a specific
time frame to achieve educational goals. Due to the
inability of families to adequately support athletes
financially and morally, excessive competition and
competition are observed as important problems.
Instead of investing in kids by recruiting young talent
to develop internationally successful athletes, they
should go through basic movement training for basic
movement skills, basic motor skills and basic sports
skills from pre-school age, and from 3 years of age in
early specialized sports.
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Walking, running, jumping, jumping, changing
direction, throwing, and catching are elements of basic
movement skills. Agility, balance, speed, strength,
coordination, flexibility, and endurance are elements
of basic motor skills. In the context of specialized
sports skills, for example; Examples of basic athletic
skills include the seven basic wrestling skills of
positioning, moving, leveling, pushing the div
forward, stepping back, lifting the opponent, and
kicking the stomach.
After basic movement training, in gymnastics, diving,
tennis, table tennis, gymnastics, diving, tennis, table
tennis, wushu, swimming and squash; 10-12 years old in
football, basketball, hockey, volleyball, badminton,
fencing, archery, handball and cycling; For those over
13, special training in boxing, wrestling, judo, canoeing,
rowing, horse riding, pentathlon and weightlifting
should begin. After qualified physical education
teachers provide basic movement training to all
children in elementary schools, children with high
levels of physical literacy should be identified and
referred to elite athlete training programs. Talent
development should start from this moment. If an
attempt is made to select talented children who do not
have primary movement education until the age of 11-
12, the most suitable times for the development of such
characteristics as skill, speed, agility and coordination
will be missed. Many developed countries use this
method to train elite athletes.
The concept and stages of talent development
•
Talent selection and talent development consists
of different stages. Many terms are used in this
regard.
•
Talent identification and giftedness are used
interchangeably when recruiting gifted children for
sports.
•
The terms talent selection, talent validation and
talent development are also frequently used.
•
Identifying talent - discovering those with potential
who have not yet participated in sports activities.
For example; It is to find the fastest and/or fastest
among children who have not played any sport and
evaluate them in sports networks where speed is
an important element.
•
Talent identification is the process of identifying
talented participants who are currently playing
sports to become high-level athletes. In other
words, talent identification is the identification of
athletes with the potential to reach the world level
with the help of certain physical, physiological,
psychological and skill tests. Athletes have no prior
experience in the respective field and are selected
to develop their raw talent.
•
Talent validation is the process of carefully
measuring, observing, and verifying an individual's
initially identified characteristics at the beginning,
middle, and end of training programs. The athlete's
ability to train, his reaction to loads and the level of
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adaptation to high-performance training are
studied.
•
Talent selection is the process of identifying or
identifying athletes that goes on at various stages
of training programs. Talent screening programs
refer to specific tests that demonstrate an
athlete's competency in a specific field or position.
It includes athletes who are selected for the sports
department and receive additional guidance and
support. In addition, talent screening is the
observation of the coach and the sports death of
athletes who are candidates for international
success among active athletes. is a selection
process based on measurements .
•
Talent development is the process of athletes
developing and demonstrating their potential in a
specific sport, where an appropriate learning and
training environment is created and encouraged.
High
performance
development
(world
level
development) refers to the participation in a highly
specialized training program that enables the
development of athletes whose talent is identified
after talent screening and whose talent is confirmed by
their inclusion in talent screening programs.
competitors or competitors in the class. To develop
high performance, not only training programs are
needed, but also expert coaches, a calendar of
competitions with an adapted level of difficulty, as well
as tools, equipment and equipment, as well as sports
doctors and scientists.
Talent transfer is the transfer of technically, tactically
and conditionally identified athletes to other sports
similar to the same sport, while continuing to train at
the highest level of interest in the sport. is the process
of development. For example, directing an athlete to
gymnastics, diving, wrestling or judo.
In the classical sense, in the selection and
development of talents, first of all, the characteristics
that create success in the respective sports field are
identified. These characteristics are then measured in
athletes, and once the data is collected, norms are
created to compare the talented and the less talented.
After that, each athlete is profiled and checked for
which sports network these characteristics match.
England develop high-level athletes using the stages of
talent
identification,
talent
screening,
talent
development and talent transfer respectively in their
talent identification and development program.
It takes 8 to 12 years of training for a talented athlete
to reach the elite level. This is called the "10-year" or
"10,000-hour training rule." Such a lengthy talent
acquisition process requires long-term planning and
organization. Especially in the discovery and
management of gifted children; All officials should be
part of a practice based on scientific principles in the
process of testing, curriculum, selection and
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competition
planning,
talent
selection
and
development.
Talent selection criteria
In recent years, the use of a holistic approach to
talent selection has been increasing. Although the
emphasis is placed on concepts such as giftedness,
commitment, and creativity before selecting talent,
children should be tested with measurement tools that
help determine individual productivity at different
developmental levels. These are; There should be
anthropometric measurement test, motor skills test,
physiological tests, psychosocial tests, cognitive
(decision-making) tests. A young athlete in the
selection of talents; Willingness to succeed, skill level,
creativity and motivation should be evaluated along
with interest level. It should then be determined by
physiological,
anthropometric,
psychological,
sociological and technical skill measurements and
regularly monitored during development. When
determining the talent potential, first of all, at the
selection stage, physical determinants: div weight,
height,
div
size,
bone
diameter,
muscle
circumference, div type, growth rate, div fat
measurements should be taken and recorded.
As a physiological determinant, motor characteristics
such as aerobic capacity, anaerobic endurance,
anaerobic power and agility, coordination, balance and
speed are measured. Sociological determinants include
parental support, socio-economic infrastructure,
education, mentor-student interaction, length of
study, and cultural background variables. Identification
of psychological determinants such as perceptual-
cognitive abilities, attention, intuition, decision
making, game mind, creative thinking, motor/technical
skills and personality traits and levels of self-
confidence, anxiety, motivation and concentration and
must be tested.
CONCLUSION
Instead of investing in a small number of children and
selecting talent at a young age to raise internationally
successful athletes, build basic movement skills from
preschool to "three" years. early specialized sports;
Basic motor skills and basic sports skills should be
taught. Specific training should begin after basic
movement training, depending on the characteristics
of the sports network. After qualified physical
education teachers provide basic movement training
to all children in elementary schools, children with high
levels of physical literacy should be identified and
referred to elite athlete training programs. Many
countries use this method to develop elite athletes.
Physical education teachers, coaches, trainers,
statisticians and sports scientists need all-round
support, trust and encouragement to selectively
cooperate in the stages of talent identification,
confirmation, development and transfer.
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