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ABSTRACT
Sports psychology studies the psychological foundations, processes and effects of sport. Sports psychology involves
the scientific study of human behavior in sport and exercise, and the practical application of this knowledge in the
context of sport and exercise. Moreover, this structure of sports psychology, which includes both science and
practice, can be traced since the development of sports psychology as a science. It is also considered very useful for
assessing and developing sports skills by improving psychological development or sports performance, as well as by
maximizing the performance of athletes in competitive situations. Along with these psychological advances in modern
sports, there has also been significant progress in sports psychology research. This is a lot of new research; It not only
covered a wide range of topics of scientific and practical importance in the field, but also included other areas of sports
and health sciences, as well as various areas of psychology. In such an environment, a critical element of developing
knowledge in any area of research is regular reflection, reflection and feedback. This task is usually accomplished
through a literature review. General information about literary sources; Literature review; It serves as the first tool for
organizing, restructuring and creating a certain structure of the subject. It also guides future research, lays the
foundation for further progress, and serves as a guide. In this study, we attempted to provide a starting point for
future research by briefly discussing the development of sport psychology from the past to the present, research
topics, and methods used in sport psychology research.
KEYWORDS
Sport, Psychology, Sports psychology, Behavior, Health, Endurance, Coaches.
Research Article
STUDYING SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY
Submission Date:
December 09, 2023,
Accepted Date:
December 14, 2023,
Published Date:
December 19, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume03Issue12-24
Sirojev Shoxrux
Asia International University Physical Culture Chair Manager, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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INTRODUCTION
Sports psychology, as the study of human behavior in
the context of sport and physical activity, is one of the
youngest subdisciplines in the field of sports science,
as well as one of the youngest subdisciplines in the field
of psychology. Sports psychology is increasingly
supported by medical and psychological concerns
about health and endurance, as well as an interest in
performance. As athletes and coaches strive for peak
performance,
they
also
become
aware
of
psychological factors, making sports psychology more
effective.
Sports psychology is concerned with improving
people's performance in both team and individual
sports by assessing the psychological characteristics of
people who participate in sports. In other words,
sports psychology is the study of human behavior, such
as competition and achievement, and the thoughts and
feelings associated with these behaviors, such as
anxiety,
self-esteem,
and
motivation.
Sports
psychology is the application of psychological
principles to sport and physical activity at all levels of
skill development. Therefore, he tries to reflect the
results of psychology in his direction and methods.
Since its development as an academic discipline, sport
psychology has been viewed in two ways: first, as
applied psychology, in which the principles of
psychology are applied to sport and physical activity,
and second, as a sub-discipline of sport science.
knowledge of other branches of sports science, such as
biomechanics,
its
theories,
structures
and
measurements. Physiology of exercise. Those who
took the first view tended to focus on sport and
physical activity as a means to understand
psychological theory and apply psychological
principles. Those who adopted the latter method
focused on observing, explaining and predicting
behavior in the context of sport.
Sports psychology encompasses both science and
practice, and this has been evident since the
development of sports psychology as a discipline.
Thus, sports psychology involves the scientific study of
human behavior in sports and exercise, as well as the
practical application of this knowledge in the sports
and physical environment. European Federation of
Sports Psychology (FEPSAC) sport; defined it as
including cognitive, motivational and sensorimotor
aspects of psychology: “Sport is physical activit
y in
educational, competitive, recreational, preventive and
rehabilitative environments, including health-oriented
exercise.” This definition describes the place of sport
psychology in psychology, its application to sport, and
sport science as a field of study.
Another area focuses on the study of sport psychology;
psychophysiological,
socio-psychological
and
cognitive-behavioral approaches. Psychophysiological
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approach; Sports emphasize the use of physiological
indicators such as heart rate, brain wave activity, palm
sweat, and muscle action potential, which are the best
indicators of psychological processes. The socio-
psychological approach assumes that behavior in
sports is determined by the complex interaction of
psychological structures (characteristics/tendencies)
of individuals and the social environment in which they
exist. The cognitive behavioral approach emphasizes
the cognitive and behavioral aspects of the athlete and
their way of thinking; Pays attention to how safe,
comfortable or tense you feel and how this affects
your performance. These trends also reflect
methodological and measurement challenges in the
field and are therefore important indicators of the
ongoing debate about what constitutes legitimate and
useful knowledge in sport, physical activity, and sport
psychology. This study discusses the debates and
advances in sport psychology; The development of
sport psychology as a concept and field from past to
present, research topics, methods and foci used in the
study were reviewed and presented. It should not be
forgotten that in order to advance research and
knowledge in a particular field, it is necessary to
summarize and reflect that field through literature
reviews. This study attempts to accomplish this task in
the best possible way.
Sports psychology and its pioneers in the historical
process
To our knowledge, the word "psychology" was not
used in conjunction with the word "sport" until the
1870s. Around 1875, Russian anatomist Pyotr
Frantsevich Lesgaft developed a system of physical
education. His goal was to promote harmony between
div and mind and to explore conscious control of the
div as a method. He thought that training the
nervous system in this way could later form the basis
for the development of character and intelligence, and
he conducted serious research on this topic. Later, the
German
physiologist
Emile
du
Bois-Reymond
suggested in 1881 that physical exercise creates a
complex connection with the central nervous system,
and therefore physical exercise is not only gymnastics
of muscles, but also a kind of gymnastics of the spiritual
function of the div. div. A similar idea was
expressed by the Hungarian Karoly Budinsky:
“Strengthening the nervous and muscular system
through physical exercise, as well as self-control and
willpower.” Another indicator of sports psychology
research is the 1894 article "Psychologie de
l'Entraînement Intensif" by the Frenchman Philippe
Tissier and the 1895 Norman-Triplett study directly
related to sports psychology. At the end of the 19th
century, interest in sports psychology increased.
In 1899 and 1900, two articles appeared entitled “The
Psychology of Sports.” The first was written by
Baldwin Groller. It was published in two parts in the
journal Die Wage (Vienna) in October and December
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1899 under the title "Zur Psychologie des Sportes".
Groller drew attention to some psychological
phenomena associated with sports activities that have
not yet been studied scientifically, and noted that it is
doubtful that even the most qualified scientists are
aware of the existence of these problems. In May 1900,
an article by Baron de Coubertin, the founder of the
modern Olympic movement, was published entitled
"The Psychology of Sports" with the same title as
Groller's work. The content of this article is completely
different from Groller's article, and it is unlikely that
Coubertin and Groller knew about each other when
they wrote their articles. Expressions related to sport
psychology appear to be included by both authors,
although Groller has a slight edge.
There was no formal sport psychology organization
until the 1920s, but the Sports Research Laboratory,
founded by Coleman Griffith at the University of Illinois
in 1925, was considered a pioneer. Coleman Griffith,
who also popularized sports psychology by founding a
university research laboratory, publishing two
textbooks, and consulting with professional sports
teams, is often called the "father of sports
psychology." However, this early path in sport
psychology was not without its problems, and in 1932
the Sports Research Laboratory was closed due to lack
of funds. Peter Rudik and A.S. Puni in Russia and R.V.
Schulte in Germany conducted parallel research
related to sports psychology, but at that time sports
psychology was not yet a defined field. Following these
events, there was little activity in the field of sport
psychology between the 1930s and 1960s.
Sports psychology re-emerged in the US in the 1960s
and was used in the UK and the rest of Europe a few
years later. The field of sport psychology has since
expanded throughout the world and has become one
of the fastest growing new academic disciplines.
Another notable issue is that until recently, sport
psychology research has been conducted primarily in
the field of sport science rather than psychology. The
year 1965 is considered a turning point due to the
holding of the first International Congress of Sports
Psychology. The Congress was held in Rome and
chaired by Ferruccio Antonelli, with 500 participants
from more than 40 countries and 230 scientific studies.
In 1969, the European Federation of Sports Psychology
(FEBSAC) was founded in Vittel. In 1970, the first
journal in the field of sports psychology, International
Journal of Sport Psychology, was published. By the
mid-1980s, practical issues came to the fore and
attracted attention, prompting many researchers to
turn to the field. The 1985 meeting marked the
beginning of the Association for the Advancement of
Applied Sport Psychology (AAASP), the primary
professional organization for sport psychology in the
United States. In 1986, the American Psychological
Association (APA) officially recognized “sport
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psychology” as a branch of psychology, and it has now
become a field that attracts many researchers.
As noted above, researchers have conducted various
studies on many of the perspectives that form the basis
of modern sport psychology. These studies created the
field of sport psychology and not only served as a guide
for researchers of their time, but have allowed many
researchers today to use these ideas and studies.
Areas of research in sport psychology
Personality
In the minds of many, sports psychology is viewed
primarily as the relationship between the individual
and sport. Whether in the context of motivation,
aggression, stress and anxiety, cognitive processes,
development, or social interaction, it is discussed how
each individual's responses to the sporting
environment
differ.
According
to
Goffman,
“personality is nothing more than the set of roles or
characters that we represent,” accordin
g to Raymond
Cattell, our personality has a stable essence. Kelly
defines personality as, first of all, each of us is unique,
has our own priorities and our own world. In general,
regardless of how personality is conceptualized, the
transactional approach is seen as the only logical path.
Within this interaction, it is important for sport
psychology to consider how personality relates to
performance. Therefore, one of the most studied
topics in recent years is the relationship between sport
and personality. Athlete personality, the relationship
between personality and performance, and the impact
of sport on personality constitute important areas of
research.
Self-esteem
Self-esteem remains one of the most studied concepts
in social psychology and sport psychology. Self-esteem
generally refers to a person's "positive self-image." It
consists of two dimensions: competence and value. A
measure of competence (performance-based self-
esteem) is the extent to which people consider
themselves competent. The value dimension (value
self-esteem) is viewed as the degree to which people
perceive themselves as valuable people. If we look at
the concept of self-esteem in the field of sports, we can
see that it is of great importance.
Attention
It answers fundamental questions such as "how
voluntary control and subjective experience arise and
regulate our behavior." The ability to concentrate or
concentrate on what is most important in any
situation, without paying attention to distractions, is
an important component of successful performance in
sports. Some sport psychologists have focused their
research on the role of selective attention in
development. In general, selective attention can be
improved with practice and experience and is effective
for focusing attention and making quick and accurate
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decisions in a variety of sports. Additionally, lack of
focus can mean the difference between success and
failure in competitive sports. With this difference in
mind, researchers have focused on attention
regulation. The issue of attention regulation is
especially relevant for elite level sports performance,
since athletes need to properly understand and control
their attention system in order to achieve success.
Motivation
It is emphasized that a person must first of all be
motivated to perform an action. In fact, in sports,
motivation is seen as the key factor for a person to
perform the activity, continue with it and at the same
time achieve success. “Motivation means various
internal and external factors that induce an organism
to a certain behavior, determine the regularity and
duration of this behavior, direct the behavior and
determine the mechanism that ensures its activity.” An
important difference between types of personal
motivation is defined as intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation. Intrinsic reasons for playing sports include
excitement, fun, love of movement, the opportunity to
demonstrate and improve our skills, in short, all the
reasons we enjoy sports. The reason they are so
effective at motivating athletes is because they directly
impact intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation can
come in the form of rewards, praise, increased status,
and new friendships. Both intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation are important in sport, and sport
psychologists can work with both intrinsic and extrinsic
motivational factors to improve a person's athletic
performance. Additionally, current approaches to
motivation in sport psychology focus on criteria such
as self-efficacy, goal setting, and achievement
motivation to explain why human behavior is
motivated by future events.
Image
Although 'visualization' has recently gained attention
as a popular approach to improving sporting
performance, the concept was first introduced by
Galway in the 1970s. Galway says that the most
powerful opponent a player has to face in sport is in his
own mind, and he must be able to defeat it primarily
with his mind. Imagination is intense imagination in the
mind without any action. Athletes often create images
about competition. They imagine performing technical
skills, imagine themselves playing well or poorly,
mentally analyze mistakes, worry about competition,
think about winning or losing, and question their
relationship with each other every time.
Stress
Stress is the process by which people perceive and
respond to certain events, called stressors, that they
find difficult or threatening. Stress is understood as an
interaction between a person and the environment.
Stress can be observed in athletes under the influence
of external and internal factors of the sports
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environment. Identified stressors include excessive
pressure, critical comments, spectators, athlete
testing, excessive focus on winning, training and
competition environments, opponents, coach and
teammate relationships, physical errors, abilities,
injuries, self-doubt regarding personal goals and
expectations, and also watching the opponent play
well. Identifying these sources of stress that athletes
face can help them develop strategies to cope with
stress. Coping strategies are important to applied
sport psychology, and research in this area sheds light
on the topic. Research in this context is increasing
every day and these studies show the importance of
sports psychology as it plays a role in improving the
performance of coaches and athletes.
Aggression and violence
Although the competitive nature of sports can
contribute to aggression, the essence of aggression is
actually behavior. Aggression, by definition, involves
actively causing something unpleasant to someone.
Aggressive behavior can take many forms, from verbal
abuse to physical violence aimed at causing
psychological harm. In general, aggression involves the
intention to cause harm. Therefore, behavior that
accidentally harms someone is not aggression. When
these factors are combined, aggression is briefly
defined as “any act done with the intent to harm
another person,” and violence is “the intentional use
of physical force or force in the form of threat or force
against another person.” the reality of bodily harm,
psychological harm and death to the person exposed.
"or the possibility of its discovery." Although the
prevalence of aggression and violence in sports is not
an inherent part of sport, aggression and violence in
sports on and off the field is a worrying spiral. In recent
years, the concepts of aggression and violence have
become the subject of significant research from a sport
psychology perspective. Researchers have focused on
the context between the causes and consequences of
aggressive and aggressive behavior that can often be
observed in sports environments, especially due to the
motivational and competitive aspect of sports. In
addition, cross-national and cross-cultural research
may help highlight the changing importance of broader
psychosocial and cultural determinants of aggression
and violence in sport more generally.
Methods used in sports psychology research
There are a number of alternative methods that sport
psychology researchers can use to conceptually
advance the field, and within this framework there is
an increasing use of qualitative, quantitative, and
mixed methods. As you can see, the quantitative
method is often used in sports psychology research.
Quantitative Research; This is useful if there is prior
information about the phenomenon of interest that
allows the use of standard data collection methods
such as surveys. It is used to measure people's
psychological attitudes, self-esteem and behavior.
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Given recent developments in qualitative research
methodology and ongoing debates over fundamental
issues such as how to evaluate qualitative research, the
effectiveness of qualitative research in sport and
exercise psychology is another area of concern. The
value of qualitative approaches in some sport and
health-related research is that they can answer
research questions that do not always lend themselves
directly to quantitative research.
At the same time, mixed methods, which help
methodically diversify and enrich the field, also stand
out as an alternative due to their depth. Recently, there
has been a growing belief that focusing solely on
qualitative or quantitative research methods causes
researchers to miss important parts of a phenomenon
or story. However, given that the use of mixed
methods remains a controversial issue, it seems
worthwhile for those using this approach in sport
psychology research to engage with debates in other
disciplines to inform their research. The use of mixed
methods is important for the future development of
mixed methods research in sport psychology, as well
as for increasing the awareness of researchers.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Answers to many questions posed by sports
psychology require the integration of psychological
and physiological parameters. Sports psychology, by
definition, strives to do just that. Despite the demands
on the researcher, the benefits of such studies are
actually higher and undoubtedly provide more
information about sports. Today, the potential
presence of physiological as well as psychological
effects in improving athletic performance and,
therefore, the importance of sport psychology is
recognized. It is clear that physical activity and sport
alone do not ensure healthy and adequate
development with good physiological functioning. It is
very useful for assessing and improving athletic skills in
sports through psychological development or
improvement in sports, as well as for optimizing the
performance of athletes in competitive situations. All
these factors require further research for the future of
sport psychology. This enthusiasm for the application
of psychology to sport is exciting for sport psychology
and its researchers. Moreover , such efforts should also
contribute to the development of relevant theoretical
frameworks for research.
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