Western European Journal of Linguistics and
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ISSN (E): 2942-190X Open Access| Peer Reviewed
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THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF
HISTORICAL AND NATIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS
IN LITERARY TRANSLATION
Hamroyeva Sharifa Shukur qizi
PhD student of Bukhara State University
Abstract.
The issue of
restoring national characteristics and historicity
remain highly
relevant both theoretically and practically in contemporary translation studies. Addressing this
challenge in the translation process requires a
creative approach
, the
effective utilization of
lexical and semantic resources
, and the preservation of the
overall aesthetic essence
of the
original work. These factors play a crucial role in ensuring the accuracy and authenticity of the
translated text.
Keywords:
translation, historical text, transformation, reconstruction, color,
historicization,
modernization, national character, national characteristics
Introduction
.
In the field of world literary studies, the comparative analysis of literary
translations, the reflection of national identity within them, the scientific evaluation of
translation authenticity, and the reconstruction of historical and national imagery in translated
works are of significant importance. Additionally, the theoretical and scientific examination of
these issues remains a relevant research topic. In particular, the study of national identity
reconstruction in the translation of historical novels, a detailed analysis of intercultural
differences in translation, and the investigation of specific authors' works based on the
principles of translation studies and literary aesthetics hold considerable scholarly value.
Every literary work depicts events that occurred during a specific historical period.
Consequently, historical novels introduce contemporary readers to different epochs of a
nation's history. Such works extensively employ historical and archaic linguistic elements to
the needs of the period they portray. These linguistic features not only reconstruct the spirit
and atmosphere of the era within the text but also enhance its artistic and aesthetic impact. It is
considered the main purpose of this research paper.
Literature review
.
Many scholars have researched the issue of historical color in
translation studies. Russian translation scholar A. Federov, Slovak researcher A. Popovich,
Professor Anna Lilova from Sofia University, and German translation scholar Professor A.
Neubert have explored this topic extensively. Among Uzbek translation scholars, G ‘. Salomov
discusses these issues in detail in his work
"Tarjima tashvishlari" (Concerns of Translation)
.
At the same time, Qudrat Musayev provides an in-depth analysis in his book
"Tarjima
nazariyasi asoslari" (Fundamentals of Translation Theory)
. Additionally, researcher Mavlon
Javburiyev, in his dissertation
"Recreating National Character and Historical Color in
Literary Translation (Based on the German Translation of A. Yakubov's Novel Ulugbek’s
Treasures)"
, presents a thorough examination of the representation of the national character
and historical color in translation. Furthermore, scholars such as G’.Salomov, R. Fayzullayeva,
I. Mirzayev, M. Javburiyev, Sh. Isakova, N. O‘rmonova, H. Yusupova, R. Kasimova, and O.
,
Western European Journal of Linguistics and
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Fayzullayev have researched the recreation of national identity in biographical novels, poetry,
and folklore.
Furthermore, Slovak scholar Anton Popovich, when analyzing the typological aspects
of historical specificity in translation, presents the following argument: If a translator renders
a work created by their contemporary, the result is a
synchronous translation
(simultaneous
in time). However, if the translator works on a historical text authored by a non-contemporary
writer, they must actualize the historical context of the source text and make it comprehensible
to modern readers. In this process, two key principles,
historicization
and
modernization
, are
employed. Consequently, the historical period depicted in the original text does not necessarily
align with the historical framework conveyed in the translation. (Hamdamov O, 2023.)
Additionally, one of the founders of the Russian school of translation studies, A. V.
Fedorov, in his work
"Основы общей теории перевода" (Fundamentals of the General
Theory of Translation)
, emphasizes the necessity of avoiding excessive modernization when
presenting historical, scientific, and socio-political literature to contemporary readers.
However, he asserts that the principle of adapting such texts as closely as possible to modern
linguistic norms should be prioritized. This approach establishes the theoretical and
methodological foundations for rendering ancient texts in a form that remains comprehensible
to present-day audiences while preserving their historical and intellectual integrity.
According to Tohir Malik, gaining international recognition is not solely dependent on
the author's reputation but also significantly influenced by a skillful translation. Translating a
work that intricately reflects
national identity
and
historical authenticity
presents a
considerable challenge for the translator. The success of this process primarily relies on two
key factors:
first
, the translator's in-depth knowledge of the historical period in which the
original work was created, and
second
, their ability to accurately convey the
national spirit
of
the text in the target language while preserving its cultural and historical essence.(Hamroyeva,
2023)
Furthermore, a translator must possess a deep understanding of the social conditions,
historical development, spiritual life, and cultural aspects reflected in the work they are
translating. Any inaccuracy or misinterpretation in conveying national characteristics can lead
to a distorted perception of the source text by the reader. Therefore, the cumulative
representation of national identity within a literary work often referred to as
“national color”
serves as a crucial element that not only enhances the aesthetic value of the text but also
preserves the cultural authenticity of the people it represents.
The term
“color”
originates from the Latin
color
and the Italian
colorito
, meaning
color, paint, or scenery
. In visual arts, the concept of
color
refers to the principle of utilizing
the harmony of colors to authentically depict reality. In literary studies, however,
color
functions as a
linguopoetic device
that conveys the
national, historical, and regional
characteristics
of a literary work. It serves to represent a specific era, location, and the cultural
and social life of a people, thereby enriching the artistic authenticity and depth of the text.
(Ochilov, 2012)
Discussion
.
The translation of historical works is considerably more complex than that
of contemporary texts, as the elements of
historicity
and
national identity
are deeply
interwoven. Any misinterpretation of one of these aspects can result in the distortion of the
other. Therefore, one of the primary responsibilities of a translator is to accurately convey the
national character
, ensuring both historical authenticity and cultural integrity within the
translated work.
Western European Journal of Linguistics and
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When analyzing the issue of recreating
historicity
in literary translation, two key
aspects of the source text must be considered. First, the work may belong to a distant historical
period and reflect the characteristics of that era. Second, it may be a modern author's
interpretation of a past period, requiring a different approach to translation.
In translation studies, the process of adapting texts from past periods to contemporary
linguistic rules is referred to as
“transformation”
. A. Federov defines this process as
intralingual translation
, describing it as the
re-codification of a historical text within the
same language by modern linguistic norms.
In linguistic and translation studies, words that reflect national characteristics are often
referred to as realia. Some researchers have also used synonymous terms, such as
“culturemes”
, to describe these culturally specific elements. These terms highlight the
linguistic units that emdiv unique cultural, historical, or social concepts that may not have
direct equivalents in other languages.
Peter Newmark (1998) proposes a classification of foreign cultural words, dividing
them into several categories: ecology (flora, fauna, winds, climate), material culture (food,
clothing, houses, cities, transport), social culture (work and leisure), organizations, customs,
activities, procedures or concepts (including artistic, religious, political and administrative
subcategories). Furthermore, he emphasizes other elements of social culture, such as gestures
and customs.
Russian scientist L.S. Barkhudarov analyzed the following translation methods of
words without equivalents, including reality: (Bogdanova, 2023)
1.
Transliteration and transcription - this method refers to the writing of the lexical
unit being translated or the representation of the sound structure through graphic
means in the receiving language. (for example,
sauna – сауна
,
know-how – ноу-
хау
). According to him, although this method is widely used in the translation of
journalism and socio-political literature, it is not a translation method in the
translation of works of art, because it is being translated says that the lexicon cannot
fully convey the meaning of the unit.
2.
Calque - the word-for-word translation of each lexical element in the phrase is
calculated (
brain drain – утечка мозгов
). When using this method, a complete and
detailed expression of the meaning is not always provided.
3.
Descriptive (explanatory) translation - the meaning of the translated lexical unit is
expressed through a long and detailed explanation (
щи – cabbage soup
). The main
disadvantage of this method is the length of the translation text. However, L.S.
Barkhudarov recommends using the description method in conjunction with
transcription or syllabification, as well as presenting these notes in the form of a
quote or commentary.
4.
Alternative (analog) translation - for a word that does not have an exact equivalent
in the target language, a semantically close equivalent is selected - an analog.
According to Barkhudarov, this method allows, along with conveying the meaning
of realities at an approximate level, to reflect the specific features of the phenomena
and objects being described.
5.
Transformational translation - this method ensures the achievement of the level of
equivalence through semantic, syntactic, and lexical changes (abbreviation,
addition, substitution, structural change, etc.).
Western European Journal of Linguistics and
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ISSN (E): 2942-190X Open Access| Peer Reviewed
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In addition, he also proposes a method for creating new (complex) words in the translation of
lexical items without equivalents
Conclusion
. In conclusion, each work of literature is created with a specific image of its era
and features, and the translator's task is to reflect this spirit in its original form. Failure to
comply with this requirement in the translation process, relying only on existing dictionaries,
contradicts the principle of creating an adequate translation. Such a situation can lead to the
modernization of the author's text, which, instead of preserving national features, will lead to
their replacement with non-linguistic and ambiguous units or lexical means specific to the
native speakers of the target language. As a result, the author's text will be deprived of its
national basis.
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