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CHANGES IN MICROORGANISMS ACTIVITY AS A RESULT OF SOIL
POLLUTION WITH DOMESTIC WASTE
Yuldasheva Shoxida Saitovna
Alfraganus University Department of Pharmaceuticals and chemistry
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14799331
The number and type of microorganisms in the soil are not always the
same, they depend on the chemical composition of the soil, humidity,
temperature, pH and other conditions. Soils with low moisture and nutrient
content contain up to 105 bacteria per 1 g, and in cultivated soils - 108-109
bacteria. Most bacteria are found in the soil at a depth of 5-15 cm.
Microbiological monitoring includes the study of the main groups of
agronomically important soil microorganisms involved in the cycle of nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, carbon and other microelements in the soil layer (0-30
cm) - ammonia esters, oligonitrophils, phosphorus-mobilizing bacteria,
actinomycetes. and micromycetes.
Among the types of anthropogenic soil pollution, the following can be
distinguished:
1) chemical - heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants; pesticides,
petroleum products;
2) physical - thermal, light, radiation, noise, electromagnetic;
3) mechanical - dust, sediment;
4) biological - biotic, microbial.
Waste in the soil is decomposed by microorganisms to a certain extent,
some waste remains undecomposed. Some microorganisms cause various
diseases in humans and animals transmitted through the soil. Soil fertility
directly depends on its physicochemical properties, humic and mineral
substances, microorganisms, and biological activity. Soil fertility can be
improved by multiplying microorganisms in the soil. The number of
microorganisms in the soil is constantly changing, and their change depends on
anthropogenic, natural, abiotic, and biotic factors. Heavy metals such as Cd, Cu,
Cr, Ni, Co, Hg, As, Mn are the greatest threat to soil microorganisms. The process
of self-purification of the soil is very slow, this leads to a gradual accumulation of
harmful substances, which poses a threat to people, animals and plants over
time. Soil microorganisms such as bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi are most
susceptible to anthropogenic pollution. The number and type of microorganisms
in the soil is not always uniform, it depends on the chemical composition,
humidity, temperature, pH of the environment, the degree of soil pollution, the
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presence of organic and mineral substances. Most bacteria in the soil are at a
depth of 5-15 cm and are localized around the roots of plants. The use of
microorganisms is recommended to increase the fertility of contaminated soils.
Household waste damages plants, negatively affects the pH of the environment,
nitrogen-fixing microorganisms and the activity of microorganisms. Today, one
of the world's environmental problems is waste recycling and disposal in urban
areas, where waste is often burned, which leads to significant environmental
damage. There are areas that are homemade landfills with various types of
waste (food waste, textiles, plastic, iron, paper, wood waste, etc.), affecting the
ecological state of the soil. As a result of pollution by household waste, the
content of heavy metals in the soil increases. The amount of heavy metals in the
soil around household waste landfills exceeds the permissible limit, including
the content of Cd exceeded by 4 times.
The selection, sorting and disposal of household waste is important to
minimize the negative impact. The main sources of household waste are:
residential buildings, farms, shops, catering establishments, hotels, construction
work, educational institutions (universities, schools, kindergartens) clinics,
industrial enterprises and agricultural activities. Based on the above literature
analysis, the microbiological, chemical, physical and other properties of the soil
change as a result of pollution by household waste. In this regard, it is advisable
to study the soils scattered throughout the Akhangaran district of the Tashkent
region, where household waste is collected.
Ash elements, various gases formed as a result of burning household waste
penetrate into the soil under the influence of various factors. This process is fast
or slow depending on the season. The number and type of microbes in the soil
are not always the same and depend on the chemical composition of the soil,
humidity, temperature, pH of the environment and other conditions. Most
bacteria are found in the soil at a depth of 5-15 cm, and less deeper. Various
autotrophs and heterotrophs, aerobic and anaerobic, thermo-, lyso- and
psychrophilic bacteria live in the soil. These include free-living nitrogen-
destroying azotobacteria, rhizobial bacteria of legumes, bacteria involved in the
processes of denitrification, ammonification, etc. To determine the activity of
microorganisms in the soil of the study area, Watson, Waterbourne, Omelyansky
(anaerobic), Chapeika, fish penton agar and Ashby nutrient media were
prepared and the number of total microorganisms in the soil was determined.
Based on the obtained results, it is possible to draw a conclusion about the
presence of trends in the change in the number of microorganisms in the soil as
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a result of the operation of the landfill. According to this, as a result of soil
pollution under the influence of household waste, the number of
microorganisms and the activity of enzymes playing an important role in soil
fertility, including phosphorus-absorbing bacteria, changed differently
(decreased and increased), an increase in the number of micromycetes,
oligonitrophils, a decrease in the number of actinomycetes was observed. In this
regard, when assessing soil productivity, it is advisable to take into account such
characteristics as the level of soil pollution, the chemical composition of waste,
and the amount of nutrients.
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