БИОМЕДИЦИНА ВА АМАЛИЁТ ЖУРНАЛИ
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ЖУРНАЛ БИОМЕДИЦИНЫ И ПРАКТИКИ
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JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICINE AND PRACTICE
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Tamarxon Uktamovna ARIPOVA
Director of the Immunology institute of the AS RUz,
Shoxista Sobirovna TASHMUKHAMEDOVA
Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology,
National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek,
Lola Tairxonovna PULATOVA
Department of customs expertise and classification of goods,
Military Customs Institute,
Malika Alisherovna ISKANDAROVA
Department of Ophthalmology, Pediatric Ophthalmology,
Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute.
PLANT CARBOHYDRATE-RECOGNIZING PROTEINS AND THEIR PRACTICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
For citation: T.U. Aripova, Sh.S. Tashmukhamedova, L.T. Pulatova M.A. Iskandarova PLANT
CARBOHYDRATE-RECOGNIZING PROTEINS AND THEIR PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Journal of Biomedicine and Practice. 2021, vol. 6, issue 3, pp.58-62
http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9300-2021-3-8
ANNOTATION
In this article plant lectins and their spesifications as biologically active substances of non-
immune origin, possessing a common property of specifically binding to the surface of bacterial cells
and viral protein are examined. The main attention is paid to the possibility of using plant lectins in
medicine and biomedical practice.
Key words:
Lectins, phytohemagglutinin, proteins, virus, cancer cells.
Тамархон Уктамовна АРИПОВА
Директор Института Иммунологии АНРУз
Шохиста Собировна ТАШМУХАМЕДОВА
Кафедра «Микробиологии и Биотехнологий»,
Национальный университет Узбекистана им. Мирзо Улугбека,
Лола Таирхановна ПУЛАТОВА
Кафедра «Таможенная экспертиза и классификация товаров»,
Таможенный институт ГТК РУз,
Малика Алишеровна ИСКАНДАРОВА
Кафедра «Офтальмологии, детской офтальмологии»
Ташкентский Педиатрический Медицинский институт.
РАСТИТЕЛЬНЫЕ УГЛЕВОДУЗНАЮЩИЕ БЕЛКИ И ИХ ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ
БИОМЕДИЦИНА ВА АМАЛИЁТ ЖУРНАЛИ
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ЖУРНАЛ БИОМЕДИЦИНЫ И ПРАКТИКИ
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ЗНАЧЕНИЕ
АННОТАЦИЯ
В данной статье рассматриваются растительные лектины и их значение как
биологически активных веществ неиммунного происхождения, обладающих общим
свойством специфично связывающихся с поверхностью бактериальных клеток и вирусным
белком. Основное внимание уделено возможности применения лектинов растений в медицине
и биомедицинской практике.
Ключевые слова:
Лектин, фитогемагглютинин, белки, вирус, опухолевые клетки.
Тамархон Уктамовна АРИПОВА
ЎзР ФА Иммунология институти директори
Шохиста Собировна ТАШМУХАМЕДОВА
Микробиология ва Биотехнология кафедраси,
Мирзо Улуғбек номидаги Ўзбекистон Миллий университети
Лола Таирхановна ПУЛАТОВА
Божхона экспертизаси ва товарларни таснифи кафедраси
ЎзР ДБҚ Божхона институти
Малика Алишеровна ИСКАНДАРОВА
Офтальмология, болалар офтальмологияси кафедраси
Тошкент Педиатрия Тиббиёт Институти
УГЛЕВОДЛАР БИЛАН БОҒЛАНУВЧИ ЎСИМЛИК ОҚСИЛЛАРИ ВА УЛАРНИНГ
АМАЛИЙ АҲАМИЯТИ
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ушбу мақолада вирус оқсиллари ва бактерия ҳужайраларининг қобиғи билан специфик
боғланадиган, иммун табиатга эга бўлмаган ўсимликлардан олинган биологик фаол моддалар,
яъни лектинларнинг аҳамияти ҳақида маълумотлар келтирилган. Асосий эътибор ўсимлик
летинларининг тиббиётда ва биотиббиёт амалиётида қўлланилиш имкониятига қаратилган.
Калит сўзлар:
Лектин, фитогемагглютинин, оқсиллар, вирус, ўсма ҳужайралари.
Relevance
In recent decades, glycobiology has been actively developing and has made a number of
amazing discoveries. The role of glycoproteins in particular plant lectins with various unique
properties has been clarified. Glycoproteins are a special group of proteins that are capable of highly
specific recognition and reversible binding of certain carbohydrate structures without causing
chemical modifications in them. This unique biological property distinguishes glycoproteins, in
particular plant lectins, from enzymes and other proteins, making them invaluable tools in solving
various biomedical problems (1-2). It should be noted that plant glycoproteins - lectins are a group of
proteins of non-immune origin that have the general property of specifically binding with the cell
surface of bacterial cells and viral protein. They perform recognition at the cellular and molecular
level and play numerous roles in the phenomena of biological recognition of glycolipids, viral
glycoproteins, carbohydrates and proteins (3) This property of glycoproteins has allowed researchers
to focus on the structure of the protein molecule. They discovered a new important property of protein
molecules to promote smaller protein structures, the so-called domains, within large molecules. These
are, as it were, separate parts of a large molecule that perform an important biological role. It is these
domains that are actively involved in the attachment of erythrocytes to the receptor site and their
adhesion and in the implementation of agglutination.
Materials and methods
To isolate lectin from beans, a weighed portion of 100 grams was taken and homogenized in
100 ml of 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.5. Then the homogenate was filtered through cheesecloth,
the resulting precipitate was washed three times with 0.01 M phosphate buffer. The supernatant was
separated. For this, 60% ammonium sulfate was precipitated and centrifuged for 30 minutes at 10,000
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rpm. After centrifugation, the supernatant was separated and the lectin activity in the sediment was
determined using the hemagglutination method.
Results and discussion
One of the methods allowing to increase the sensitivity of the reaction of hemagglutination of
lectins with erythrocytes and at the same time to increase the activity of lectins is the modification of
erythrocytes with proteolytic enzymes with trypsin. Enzymatic treatment of erythrocytes with a
proteolytic enzyme leads to the removal of glycoproteins, including sialoglycoproteins, from the
surface of erythrocyte membranes. As a result of this process, a decrease in the surface of the charge
and the release of receptors for interaction with lectin are observed on the surface of erythrocytes. (4)
This approach provides an opportunity to assess the activity of lectins and their use in medical
practice.
Thus, having preparations of lectins of plant origin called phytohemagglutinins (PHA) with
specificity and the ability to selectively bind to carbohydrate receptors of cells, they can be used in
the diagnosis of various diseases, in the determination of blood groups, in the isolation of certain
forms of lymphocytes during bone marrow transplantation, they are necessary reagents in protein
chemistry research.
In addition, some lectins are used as antiviral drugs and have an antibacterial effect and to a
greater extent inhibit the proliferation of tumor cell lines. The most pronounced cytotoxic effect is
manifested against tumor cells of human breast cancer. These lectins include toxic plant glycoproteins
isolated from castor bean seeds. These toxic proteins can cause fatal poisoning when consumed by
animals and humans, but toxic lectins from castor bean, mistletoe, abrus, momordica have a
pronounced antitumor effect.
Among these, mistletoe lectins have slightly greater therapeutic breadth and less toxicity to
normal cells. Mistletoe is a plant of the genus Viscum from the sandalwood family of plants. Popular
names for mistletoe are druidic leg, witch's broom, and witch's grass. The expressions themselves
already indicate the special importance of the plant in medicine and biomedicine. Mistletoe has long
been known in the German-speaking world as one of the most commonly used drugs in the field of
complementary cancer medicine. The antitumor activity of mistletoe was identified by M.D. Lutsik.
The author, in his experiments with intraperitoneal administration to mice at a dose of 10 μg / kg,
lectin isolated from mistletoe showed high antitumor activity and efficiency. At the same time, the
author noted that various tumor cells were unequally sensitive to the action of lectin isolated from
mistletoe. Mistletoe lectins had a more suppressive effect on tumor cells in Sarcoma 37 (C-37). On
the basis of scientific research, the antitumor effect of mistletoe lectin and its mechanism of action
have been established. At the same time, it was noted that the use of lectins in the native state in
medicine is impractical. This is due to the fact that lectins are foreign toxic proteins and they are able
to accumulate in the div.
In this regard, immunotoxin conjugates based on monoclonal antibodies have been
synthesized to increase the efficiency of toxic lectins. These immunoconjugates, the so-called
carbohydrate-binding conjugated proteins, are targeted to tumor cells at early stages of their
development and destroy them without damaging normal cells. It should be noted that conjugated
lectin exerts different types of influence on the cell, depending on the receptor with which it binds.
Some conjugated lectins reduce the formation of blood vessels in the tumor area, but they also inhibit
apoptosis. When lectin interacts with a carbohydrate-specific receptor, autophagy or apoptosis is
triggered. This process proceeds along one of the possible pathways - a transmembrane change in the
electric potential of the mitochondria or the formation of reactive oxygen species.
It should be noted that despite the fact that lectins appeared in oncology relatively recently,
commercial test systems have already been created on the basis of carbohydrate-binding proteins, in
some oncopathologies, for example, the AFP test for hepatocellular carcinoma from Wako
Diagnostics. GP Biosciences Ltd. manufactures microchips including a panel of 41 lectins for
biomarker diagnostics. Despite the great potential for the use of lectins in the diagnosis and therapy
of cancerous tumors, however, they still remain a class of compounds that require more close
attention. Perhaps, in the next decade we will witness major victories over cancerous tumors.
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Undoubtedly, lectins will play an important role in these achievements and victories.
The unique property of glycoproteins has led to the discovery of another important property of
some plant lectins. It is known that at present the world community has exacerbated the problems
associated with the treatment and removal of viral infections, in particular coronaviruses and viral
particles from the blood of patients to reduce the viral load in the infected plasma. Today, for quality
control and treatment of the population, various medical methods are used, in particular, combined
antiviral drugs are mainly used. It should be noted that drug therapy for viral diseases gives a good
effect, but during treatment, drugs often limit the effectiveness of therapy and show side effects on
the div. In addition, the use of drug combinations for the treatment of viral infections results in the
emergence of drug resistant mutants and the presence of untreatable viral reserves. Therefore, existing
treatments do not completely eliminate the virus and the protein of the virus.
In order to increase the effectiveness of treatment and to reduce the viral load in infected plasma,
certain measures are required to ensure the safety of the population from contracting viral infections.
Despite the results obtained in the treatment of Covid-19, the development of new scientific
approaches to optimize the treatment of patients is required in the field of immunobiotechnology,
medicine and biomedicine. Analysis of the literature data showed that at present, to reduce the viral
load and to remove viral particles from the blood, special attention is paid to glycoproteins of plant
origin (5-6) The main natural function of lectins, as noted above, is the recognition of carbohydrate
receptors on macromolecules and cells, therefore it is logical to assume that in this direction their
application will be the most effective. In this regard, in this work, the purification of lectin from beans
was carried out and some carbohydrate specificity was studied. It should be noted that, as mentioned
above, the use of lectins in the native state is impractical. Therefore, at present, for example, when
purifying blood from viral particles or pathologically altered cells and glycoproteins, some
immobilized lectins can be used.
It can also be noted that with the help of lectins mitogenic stimulation of human lymphocytes
is possible, which increases their protective function. With the help of lectins, blood cells can be
separated under mild conditions. For example, peanut lectin is a unique tool for separating human
cortical (immature) and medullary (mature) thymocytes. In addition, the possibility of using lectins
for targeted drug delivery is being considered, since they are able to bind to certain types of cells or
tissues, creating increased concentrations in those places.
Summarizing the above, we can say that biomedicine of the future will be able to use various
lectins of plant origin in the treatment of various human diseases and diagnostics, pharmaceuticals,
but this requires the latest approaches and methods, which are currently beginning to develop.
Conclusions
1. In this work, lectins are considered as the main biologically active substances of many
plants, which are effective for the treatment of many human diseases. It was also noted that lectins of
plant origin called phytohemagglutinins have specificity and the ability to selectively bind to
carbohydrate receptors of bacterial cells and viruses.
2. The paper presents data on the lectins of the mistletoe of the genus Viscum from the
sandalwood plant family, and its antitumor activity, mechanism of action. The possibilities of using
conjugated lectin, which reduce the formation of blood vessels in the tumor area, are also shown.
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