EIJMRMS ISSN: 2750-8587
VOLUME04 ISSUE06
23
INVOLVEMENT OF SKIN CELLULAR STRUCTURES IN IMMUNE PROCESSES
Tashmuhammedova Shaxnoza
Samarkand State Medical University, Uzbekistan
Axmadov Inomjon
Samarkand State Medical University, Uzbekistan
AB O U T ART I CL E
Key words:
Epithelium, dermis, homeostasis, T
cells, interleukins, microorganisms.
Received:
03.06.2024
Accepted
: 09.06.2024
Published
: 13.06.2024
Abstract:
The skin is the largest organ of the
human div. The unique role of the skin is that it
serves as a barrier between the div and the
environment. The skin consists of 2 inseparable
layers: the epidermis and the dermis, represented
by a large number of cell types and auxiliary
structures, each of which has its own significance.
The protective function of the skin is the ability to
participate in maintaining homeostasis by
regulating moisture evaporation, maintaining
div temperature, preventing the penetration of
microorganisms and chemicals, developing an
immune response to drugs capable of penetrating
mechanical barriers, and, ultimately, in the
formation of pigments and keratin to protect
against sunlight.
INTRODUCTION
Materials and methods of research. The skin is an important part of the immune system and can be
considered primarily as a borderline organ of immune protection. It is the skin that often comes into
first contact with various pathogens and viruses, fungi and protozoa. If the skin is able to fully perform
its barrier function, then the internal environment of the div is preserved. If, as a result of any impact,
the protective functions and integrity of the skin are violated, the div finds itself in a critical situation,
for example, with burns of large areas of the skin. The mechanism of immune protection, including skin,
can be divided into 2 types: with the participation of innate immunity and with the participation of
acquired (adaptive) immunity. The first and most important protective function of the skin is related to
VOLUME04 ISSUE06
https://doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-04-06-06
Pages: 33-37
EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES
ISSN: 2750-8587
VOLUME04 ISSUE06
34
innate immunity. The most differentiated layer of the epidermis is the stratum corneum, which is the
first to come into contact with the environment. This physical barrier consists of extracellular lipids and
keratinized cells and is permeable only to water and some small molecules. Some lipid components
isolated from the stratum corneum (sebaceous lipids, sphinolipids, free fatty acids) have antibacterial
activity. The permanent microflora of the skin also suppresses the growth of pathogenic
microorganisms. As for acquired immunity, the skin has a full set of immune defense mechanisms. This
type of immune response is antigen-specific and is associated with the function of immunological
memory. The components of this system are Langerhans cells and other antigen-presenting cells,
habitable and mobile lymphocytes, as well as endothelial cells, which together form this complex, called
"lymphoid tissue related to the skin", by analogy with conjunctiva, bronchi and lymphoid tissue related
to the stomach. The skin has the ability to trigger a full-fledged immune response. The main antigen-
presenting skin cells are Langerhans cells. In appearance, they resemble tennis rackets and contain
characteristic cytoplasmic organelles called Bilbeck granules. Their role is to recognize and express
antigens. These cells are obtained from the bone marrow, but they penetrate into the epidermis of the
fetus already in the first trimester of pregnancy, and then during pregnancy their number increases. In
adults, they make up 2-8% of all epidermal cells. In addition, Langerhans cells contain a large number
of cell surface antigens and membrane-bound proteins. Langerhans cells are unstable, but, on the
contrary, they are very dynamic, penetrating into and leaving the epidermal layer, changing the surface
phenotype, localization and maturity. Their main function is to present antigens to naive T cells of the
epidermis, where the immune response begins. Other antigen-presenting cells of the skin and local
lymph nodes include dermal dendrites (in the skin layer), follicular dendritic cells (in the lymph nodes),
monocytes, macrophages and B cells. Lymphocytes circulating in healthy skin - all extravascular T-cell
type lymphocytes - are an integral part of the skin's immune system. The perivascular and perianal
areas of the dermis contain 90% of T-lymphocytes. Most skin lymphocytes are in an activated state.
The results of the study and their discussion. The migration process between peripheral blood and skin
is regulated by cell adhesion molecules on the surface of lymphocytes, endothelial cells and
keratinocytes. Keratinocytes are the most numerous cells of the epidermis. They are not only structural
components, but also immunologically active. Keratinocytes may play an important role in initiating
cell-mediated immune responses in the skin through the release of interleukins and the expression of
adhesion molecules. Activated keratinocytes can also affect the entry and exit of lymphocytes and other
motile immune cells into and out of the skin. Mast cells, eosinophils and basophils are also present in
the skin. They are involved in the immune response of the skin in various inflammatory skin diseases
and are found in foci of malignant degeneration. Once in a sensitized organism, allergens reach the place
EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES
ISSN: 2750-8587
VOLUME04 ISSUE06
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of concentration of mast cells and, in contact with them, cause their activation and degranulation. As a
result, a number of enzymes, inflammatory mediators and chemokine factors are released, which attract
other effector cells, especially basophils and eosinophils. When mast cells are degranulated, the content
of eosinophils in the skin increases, which leads to allergic reactions. Eosinophils capture histamine and
destroy it with the help of histamine enzymes, and are also involved in the destruction of toxins of
protein origin, foreign proteins and immune complexes. Melanocytes are also actively involved in the
immune response of the skin. Like keratinocytes, these pigment-producing cells synthesize various
biologically active compounds that act as mediators of inflammatory processes in the skin and
epidermis.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the skin is the largest special organ. In particular, the skin, like the thymus gland, is a barrier organ
in which certain types of immune cells mature and immunological reactions occur. The skin barrier
contains all types of cells capable of carrying out a wide range of immune responses.
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