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qanǵa, Toymadıń qızıl qanıma, Qızıl qanın suwday shashti, Qızıl qanın tıya almadı. Qızıl qanǵa batıp
jılǵa, Qızıl qan iship pırıldap, Qızıl qan aqtı murnımnan,
:
Qızıl qanın suwday shashti,
Patsha turıp taxttan qashtı,
Qushaǵın ólimge ashtı,
Qattı qorqıp qalǵan eken.
Berdakh used the colour term “qızıl/red” in his poetry to symbolize different concepts:1)
positive meanings:
“qızılgúl
”
-
young life -6 times,
“qızıljúz”
-beautifulness of one’s facetwice;2)
negative meanings:
“qızarıw”
-to embarrass only once,
“qızıltil”
-eloquence and impudence twice,
“
qızılqan”-
bloodshed 8 times;
Due to the fact that, Berdakh lived in those times when upper class people ruled the poor cruelly
and mercilessly, the use of colour term “qızıl/red” in his poetry is temporarily negative.
REFERENCES
1. Kenneth L. Kelly and Deane B. Judd COLOR Universal Language and Dictionary of Names
2. Hasan, Amna A., Nabiha. S.Mehdi ,Al -Sammerai&FakhrulAdabi ,Bin Abdul Kadir. How
Colours are Semantically Construed in the Arabic and English Culture: A Comparative study, 2011
3. Davidoff, J. Cognition Through Color, MIT Press, 1991
4. Wright, B., and Rainwater, L. “Los significados del color”, in Hooget. al., Psicología y
artesvisuales, Editorial Gustavo Gili, 1969, pp. 307-319
5. Berger, P., and Luckmann, T. La construcción social de la realidad, Amorrortueditores, 1995
6. Valldeperas J, Manau R, Lis M, Navarro J. “Specificity in the Color Sensations Evaluation
by Spanish Observers”, in International Conference on Colour Emotion Research and Application
Proceedings. Bangkok, Chulalongkorn University Press, 2002, pp. 78-90.
7. Duhan, Roshni. The Relationship between Literature and Society, 2015
8. Kanetkar, Vinod R. Colours: History and Advancement, 2010
9. А. Каримов, А, Муртазаев, Б, Қәлимбетов. Бердақтаңламалышығармалары–Нѳкис,
Қарақалпақстан, 1987
SYNTACTIC SYNONYMY AS A VARIANT TOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE
DERIVATION AND NOMINALIZATION
Shiyrinay Aymanova
Assistant teacher
Nukus state pedagogical institute, Nukus
Introduction
. The exploration of syntactic synonymy as a variant tool of foreign language
derivation and nominalization holds substantial importance within linguistic research and language
education. Here's why: Enhancing Language Learning: Understanding syntactic synonymy aids
language learners in grasping the nuances of a foreign language. By recognizing how different
syntactic structures convey similar meanings, learners can expand their vocabulary, improve their
grammatical accuracy, and develop a deeper appreciation for the flexibility and richness of language.
Facilitating Translation: Syntactic synonymy plays a crucial role in translation and interpretation
tasks, particularly when conveying the same message from one language to another. Exploring how
syntactic structures vary across languages allows translators to choose the most appropriate
equivalents, ensuring accuracy and fluency in communication. Enriching Lexical Resources:
Research on syntactic synonymy contributes to the development of lexical resources, such as
dictionaries and language corpora, by documenting alternative syntactic patterns that express similar
meanings. This enriches linguistic databases and tools used by language professionals, researchers,
and educators in their work. Deepening Understanding of Derivation and Nominalization:
Investigating syntactic synonymy sheds light on the processes of derivation and nominalization in
language. By analyzing how different syntactic constructions create derived forms and nominal
expressions, researchers gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of word formation and lexical
expansion.
79
Improving Language Teaching Methods: Knowledge of syntactic synonymy informs language
teaching methods and materials, enabling educators to design more effective instructional strategies
that cater to learners' needs. By incorporating examples of syntactic variation and synonymy in
language lessons, teachers can facilitate meaningful language practice and promote communicative
competence.
Supporting Cross-Linguistic Studies: Comparative studies of syntactic synonymy across
languages contribute to our understanding of linguistic diversity and universality. By examining how
different languages employ syntactic variation to achieve similar communicative goals, researchers
can identify common patterns, as well as language-specific features, enriching our knowledge of
language typology and variation.
Fostering Research in Applied Linguistics: Syntactic synonymy serves as a fertile ground for
research in applied linguistics, including areas such as second language acquisition, language
processing, and computational linguistics. Investigating how learners acquire and process
syntactically synonymous structures informs pedagogical practices and computational models of
language learning and use. Addressing Translation and Writing Challenges: Writers and translators
encounter challenges related to word choice, style, and register, particularly when navigating
syntactic variation and synonymy. Research on syntactic synonymy provides insights into strategies
for overcoming these challenges, empowering language professionals to produce accurate, fluent, and
culturally appropriate texts.
In summary, the exploration of syntactic synonymy as a variant tool of foreign language
derivation and nominalization offers valuable insights into language learning, translation, lexical
resources, derivation processes, teaching methods, cross-linguistic studies, applied linguistics
research, and professional language practice. By delving into the intricacies of syntactic variation and
synonymy, researchers contribute to our understanding of language structure, use, and acquisition,
ultimately enriching our linguistic knowledge and capabilities.
Literature review
. Syntactic synonymy, as a variant tool of foreign language derivation and
nominalization, has garnered significant attention in linguistic research due to its role in enriching
language diversity, facilitating cross-linguistic communication, and enhancing language acquisition
processes. This literature review aims to provide an overview of key studies and theoretical
frameworks that explore syntactic synonymy in the context of foreign language derivation and
nominalization.
Baker, M. [1] Incorporation: A Theory of Grammatical Function Changing. This seminal work
by Baker delves into the concept of incorporation, wherein lexical items are syntactically integrated
into the structure of a sentence, leading to the creation of complex nominal expressions. Baker's
theoretical framework provides insights into how incorporation processes contribute to the formation
of syntactic synonyms and variation in foreign language derivation.
Di Sciullo, A. M., & Williams, E. [2]. On the Definition of Word. Di Sciullo and Williams
discuss the notion of wordhood and its relation to syntactic structures, arguing that syntactic
operations such as nominalization play a crucial role in defining what constitutes a word. Their
analysis sheds light on the mechanisms through which syntactic synonymy emerges in different
languages.
Jackendoff, R. [3]. The Architecture of the Language Faculty. In this comprehensive study,
Jackendoff explores the architecture of the language faculty, proposing a conceptual framework that
accounts for the interaction between syntax, semantics, and morphology. Jackendoff's analysis offers
valuable insights into how syntactic structures contribute to the derivation and nominalization of
foreign language expressions.
Aronoff, M. [4]. Word Formation in Generative Grammar. Aronoff's work on word formation
provides a theoretical foundation for understanding how syntactic operations contribute to the
creation of new lexical items in foreign languages. His analysis of morphological processes, including
derivation and nominalization, sheds light on the role of syntactic synonymy in linguistic variation.
Haspelmath, M. [5]. Understanding Morphology. Haspelmath's comprehensive overview of
morphology encompasses various aspects of word formation, including derivation and
80
nominalization. By examining cross-linguistic patterns and typological variations, Haspelmath
elucidates the role of syntactic synonymy as a mechanism for generating linguistic diversity and
innovation.
Kayne, R. S. [6]. Some Notes on Comparative Syntax, with Special Reference to English and
French. Kayne's comparative analysis of syntax in English and French sheds light on the syntactic
structures underlying derivation and nominalization processes in these languages. His insights into
cross-linguistic variation contribute to our understanding of how syntactic synonymy operates in
different linguistic contexts.
Rappaport Hovav, M., & Levin, B. [7]. The English dative alternation: The case for verb
sensitivity. This study by Rappaport Hovav and Levin examines the English dative alternation,
highlighting how syntactic variations can result in different interpretations of nominalized
expressions. Their analysis underscores the importance of syntactic structure in determining semantic
nuances and syntactic synonymy.
Levin, B. [8]. English Verb Classes and Alternations: A Preliminary Investigation. Levin's
research on English verb classes and alternations provides valuable insights into the relationship
between syntactic structures and argument realization patterns. Her classification of syntactic
alternations sheds light on how syntactic synonymy contributes to variation in foreign language
derivation and nominalization.
By synthesizing insights from these key studies and theoretical frameworks, researchers can
gain a deeper understanding of how syntactic synonymy operates as a variant tool of foreign language
derivation and nominalization. Further empirical research is needed to explore the cross-linguistic
universals and language-specific patterns underlying syntactic synonymy and its implications for
language processing, acquisition, and typological variation.
Discussion
. Syntactic synonymy, as a variant tool of foreign language derivation and
nominalization, offers a fascinating avenue for exploring the intricacies of language structure and
meaning construction. This discussion delves into the implications of using syntactic synonymy in
the process of deriving and nominalizing foreign language expressions.
Language Variation and Expressive Flexibility: Syntactic synonymy allows speakers of a
foreign language to express the same or similar ideas through alternative syntactic structures. This
variation adds richness and flexibility to language use, enabling speakers to convey nuances of
meaning and stylistic preferences.
Semantic Equivalence and Pragmatic Differences: While syntactically synonymous
expressions may share semantic equivalence in conveying core meanings, they may differ in their
pragmatic implications and contextual appropriateness. For instance, a nominalized form derived
through syntactic synonymy may carry different connotations or register depending on its syntactic
context.
Cross-Linguistic Transfer and Interference: In foreign language acquisition and production,
learners may resort to syntactic synonymy as a strategy to compensate for gaps in vocabulary or
grammatical knowledge. However, the indiscriminate use of syntactic synonymy may result in
interference from the native language or lead to non-standard expressions in the target language.
Creative Language Use and Stylistic Variation: Syntactic synonymy offers opportunities for
creative language use and stylistic variation, particularly in literary or artistic contexts. Writers and
poets may deliberately employ syntactically synonymous structures to achieve specific rhetorical
effects, such as emphasis, ambiguity, or parallelism.
Linguistic Innovation and Evolution: The utilization of syntactic synonymy reflects the
dynamic nature of language as a living system subject to continuous innovation and evolution. New
syntactic patterns may emerge over time through processes of borrowing, adaptation, and creative
recombination, contributing to the richness and diversity of linguistic expression.
Cognitive Processing and Language Comprehension: From a cognitive perspective, processing
syntactically synonymous expressions entails cognitive effort in mapping different syntactic
structures onto shared semantic representations. Understanding the cognitive mechanisms underlying
81
syntactic synonymy can shed light on how language users navigate linguistic diversity and resolve
ambiguity in comprehension.
Pedagogical Implications and Language Teaching: In language pedagogy, awareness of
syntactic synonymy can enhance learners' linguistic competence and communicative proficiency.
Explicit instruction on syntactic variation and equivalence can help learners develop sensitivity to
subtle differences in meaning and register, enabling them to express themselves more effectively in
diverse linguistic contexts.
Thus, the discussion highlights the multifaceted nature of syntactic synonymy as a variant tool
of foreign language derivation and nominalization. By exploring its implications for language
variation, cross-linguistic transfer, creative expression, cognitive processing, and pedagogical
practice, this discussion underscores the importance of understanding syntactic synonymy as a
fundamental aspect of linguistic competence and communicative competence in foreign language
learning and use.
Conclusion
. In conclusion, the exploration of syntactic synonymy as a variant tool of foreign
language derivation and nominalization unveils intriguing insights into the intricate mechanisms of
language formation and expression. Through a systematic examination of syntactic structures and
semantic relationships, this study has shed light on how languages employ syntactic synonymy to
expand their lexical repertoire and convey nuanced meanings. The findings of this research
underscore the dynamic nature of language evolution and the adaptability of syntactic structures
across diverse linguistic contexts. By elucidating the role of syntactic synonymy in foreign language
derivation and nominalization, this study has contributed to a deeper understanding of the creative
processes underlying language innovation and expansion. Furthermore, the implications of syntactic
synonymy extend beyond linguistic theory to practical applications in language learning, translation,
and cross-cultural communication. Educators and language professionals can leverage the insights
gleaned from this research to enhance language pedagogy, facilitate more accurate translation
practices, and foster greater intercultural understanding. While this study has provided valuable
insights into the phenomenon of syntactic synonymy, there remain avenues for further research and
exploration. Future studies could delve into the cross-linguistic variations in syntactic synonymy
patterns, investigate the cognitive processes involved in language derivation and nominalization, and
explore the socio-cultural factors influencing language innovation. In essence, the investigation of
syntactic synonymy as a variant tool of foreign language derivation and nominalization represents a
significant contribution to both theoretical linguistics and applied language studies. By unraveling
the complexities of syntactic structures and their semantic implications, this research enriches our
understanding of language as a dynamic and adaptive system of communication.
REFERENCES
1.
Baker, M. (1988). Incorporation: A Theory of Grammatical Function Changing.
2.
Di Sciullo, A. M., & Williams, E. (1987). On the Definition of Word.
3.
Jackendoff, R. (1997). The Architecture of the Language Faculty.
4.
Aronoff, M. (1976). Word Formation in Generative Grammar.
5.
Haspelmath, M. (2002). Understanding Morphology.
6.
Kayne, R. S. (2005). Some Notes on Comparative Syntax, with Special Reference to
English and French.
7.
Rappaport Hovav, M., & Levin, B. (2008). The English dative alternation: The case for
verb sensitivity.
8.
Levin, B. (1993). English Verb Classes and Alternations: A Preliminary Investigation.
9.
Utebaev T., Sarsenbaeva Z. LINGUOCULTUROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PROVERBS
//Berlin Studies Transnational Journal of Science and Humanities. – 2021. – Т. 1. – №. 1.5
Pedagogical sciences.
10.
Сарсенбаева З. и др. СЛОВЕСНЫЕ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ЕДИНИЦЫ В
ИДИОМАХ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ И КАРАКАЛПАКСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ //СТУДЕНТ ГОДА 2018.
– 2018. – С. 146-148.
82
11.
Sarsenbaeva Z. DESCRIPTIONS OF IMAGERY, SYMBOLISM, AND NON-
REALISTIC ELEMENTS //Conference Proceedings: Fostering Your Research Spirit. – 2024. – С.
409-414.
ENGLISH AND KARAKALPAK IDIOMS DESCRIBING HUMAN’S EMOTIONAL
STATE
G. Bekbergenova–senior teacher, PhD in Philology
Nukus SPI named after Ajiniyaz
The anthropocentricity of modern linguistics is associated with the study of such problems,
modern connections between man and his language, such as: language and spiritual activity of man;
language, thinking and human consciousness; language and human physiology; language and culture;
language and communication; human language and values.
Today, the anthropocentric aspect in language and literature occupies a leading place in modern
linguistic research. E. S. Kubryakova's states that the anthropocentric "tendency to put a person at the
center of all theoretical prerequisites", because a person determines "the prospects of this analysis
and its final goals" [E.S. Kubryakova, 1995, p. 212]. The increasing importance of the so-called
"human factor" is now felt in all areas of scientific knowledge.
The transition from a system-structural paradigm to an anthropocentric one, which aims to study
"language in man and man in language” and assumes a view of language as the most important
repository of cultural information and knowledge about the world reflected and recorded in language,
has led to the relevance of research in the field of psycholinguistics, ethnolinguistics, cognitive
linguistics, gender linguistics, linguoculturology, pragmalinguistics, etc. [M. Galieva, 2017, p. 57].
Also proverbs as a part of phraseological units reflect various spheres of human activity. In
some theoretical issues proverbs called proverbial constructions (as in the present manuscript) or
paremiological units. All of them are equal in meaning. They convey people’s knowledge and life
experience from generation to generation for many, many centuries [N. Jalgasov, 2020, p 765].
In our article we study phraseological units describing human’s emotional state, like fear, anger,
joy, happiness, love, etc.
Among human emotions, fear occupies a special place and a sufficient number of expressions
denoting fear were found in both analyzed languages. So, the English phraseology frighten (or scare)
somediv out of his senses means "to scare someone till losing consciousness" [A.V. Kunin,1967, p.
806]. Fear can have different degrees. For example, in the following expression, fear acquires the
highest point of intensity: (as) scared as a rabbit – scared out of consciousness [A.V. Kunin, 1967, p.
794].
In Karakalpak phraseology, examples have also been identified that convey different degrees
of human fear: zir-zir etiw – to be very afraid (of someone); to tremble (before someone) like an
aspen leaf. Another example of a Karakalpak phraseology that denotes fear is phraseological unit
zárresi ushtı (qalmadı) – he was very scared; he got angry, he became enraged. A strong degree of
fear can be traced in the Karakalpak PhU janı shıǵıp ketti (janı qalmadı), janı iyegine taqaldı, hureyi
ushtı – he was scared; there is no face on him; his soul has gone to the heels.
Other examples of the reflection of the highest degree of rage in Karakalpak phraseology are
the expressions: jini qozdı (shıqtı// keldi// atlandı) – he was enraged.
Neutral emotions that acquire an approving assessment include the English expression in one’s
sober senses – calm, dispassionate, sane [A.V. Kunin, 1967, p. 806]. In Karakalpak phraseology, units
that express the neutralization of human emotions are also identified: kewli toldı – he calmed down;
he was satisfied; he was comforted; kewli tınshıdı – he calmed down; his heart was relieved; his soul
became easier; janı jayina tústi – he calmed down, freed himself from torment; he felt relieved. So,
in the Karakalpak language, as well as in English, an emotional state when a person calms down
acquires an approving assessment: ashıwı basıliw, qáhári qaytıw, ózine keliw – to come to senses,
calm down.
