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5. Riffaterra M. “Criteria for Style Analyses”, “Word №1” NY, 1959.
6. Знаменская Т. А. “Стилистика английского языка”Осн. курс: учеб. пособие, М.-2002.
7. Бабайцева В. В. “О выражении в языке взаимодействии между чувственной и
абстрактной ступнями познания действительности”, "Язык и мышления” М.-1967.
8. Ефимов В. Х. “Стилистика художественный речи” М.-1957, 135 стр.
THE ISSUES OF PHRASEOLOGY AND IMPORTANCE OF VOCABULARY IN
LANGUAGE LEARNING
Turkbenbayeva Manshuk,
Republic of Kazakhstan,Almaty,
Karassay region, the teacher of
Shalkar secondary school
First, the famous French linguist Sharl Balley introduced the term “phraseology”. He included
phraseology into Stylistics. The famous linguist professor E. D. Polivanov first recognized
phraseology as a separate discipline. He stated in his works, that vocabulary studied the individual
lexical meanings of words, morphology-the formal meanings of words and syntax-the formal
meanings of word combinations.
Academician V. V. Vinogradov defined the basic notions, aims and tasks of phraseology. His
ideas became the bases of many research works of the Russian, English and other languages.
It is necessary to distinguish a phraseological unit and a word combination. A word combination
is a free equivalent of phraseological unit. A.I.Smirnitsky emphasized about the necessity of
distinguishing a special branch of lexicology-phraseology and phraseological collocation should be
taken into account in the syntactical system of the language [1;53]. B.A.Larin also distinguished
phraseology as a linguistic discipline.
Phraseological micro system is traditional unity systematic relations between the components
of a phraseological unit and a phraseological unit based on their structural-semantic peculiarities
[2;357]. In the “Dictionary of linguistic terms” professor, O.S.Akhmanova gives different meanings
(definitions) to the term “phraseological unit”, among them there is a term “idiom”. The main subject
of phraseology is a word combination, in which “the semantic wholeness” of nomination dominates
over the structural splitting of its elements. That is why it functions in a sentence as an equivalent of
a word.
Another prominent linguist A. B. Koonin worked out a special theory of phraseology in the
English language and his book “The basic notions of phraseology as a linguistic discipline and
compiling the English-Russian phraseological Dictionary” deserves a great importance. His
dictionary of English Russian phraseological units has been widely used nowadays.
One of the important questions is to distinguish and differ a phraseological unit from other
language units-a word combination and a sentence speech includes: 1) a word as an ultimate unit, 2)
phraseological unit. (Where the wholeness of nomination dominates over the structural splitting) and
3) a word combination as a free equivalent of a phraseological unit. The same word may be expressed
in speech by all the above-mentioned units: for example: fool- stupid coach; scoundrel- good- for-
nothing person- bad egg. The most widely- spread unit is a word combination which has unlimited
opportunities.
A phraseological unit is a steady combination of word signs: ultimate and whole, reproduced
in speech, based on the internal dependence of the members, consisting of two lexical units, being in
the succession, grammatically formed according to the models of word combinations and sentences.
A phraseological unit is close to the word semantically and functionally-grammatically, but it
is not identical to it. Phraseological units are expressively- emotionally-colored, they are like those
lexemes, which not only name a person, an object, process or phenomen, but also describe them,
characterize and find out the attitude of the speaker to the subject of speech.
168
Phraseological units are stable, reproduced, expressive word combinations, having as a rule a
complete meaning. However, we should differ a word combination from different combinations of
words, as A.M.Peshkovsky emphasized. He wrote: “not any two words in our speech, form a word
combination as well as a word is an external-internal and physico-psychological unity”. A
combination of words is a process, a kind of linguistic “energy”, uniting words in speech, while a
word-combination is a free equivalent of phraseological unit. It is one of the important contributions
made by the academician V. V. Vinogradov. He writes, “Near a word as a notional unit there are
more complex meaningful units. They are such combinations in which a separate word loses its
meaning, but the meaning of the whole combination dominates having new semantic qualities,
developing additional and sometimes new meaning in relation to the sum of those meanings that are
in the words in combinations. A phraseological unit is close to a word semantically and functionally
grammatically but it is not identical to it. A phraseological unit embellishes expressively-emotionally
the meaning it denotes, thus with a science of a word the observations dealing with fusions,
phraseological units and phraseological combinations are organically connected.
A combination is a nominative unit taking part as a word in the process of speech formation.
This statement was proved in the works of many scholars. Syntax which studies a combination of
words and word combinations is called minor (maly) syntax; the unity of words and word
combinations for constructing of sentences is studied by major (bolshoy) syntax.
Many scholars tried to study the distinguishing features of phraseological units and define and
characterize them. A. I. Smirnitsky, A. B. Koonin, N. M. Shansky and others gave the definition,
detailed description and classifications of phraseological units. They distinguished idioms as a kind
of phraseological units. Idioms express certain meanings on the secondary metasemiotic level, based
on the transferred, metaphorical meaning. Some idioms are given in the dictionaries. Different models
of verbal collocations were worked out and included in the manual in the early 30-s of the XX th
century by the famous English methodologist and scholar H. Palmer and in the dictionary by A. S.
Hornby [3;21-121].
REFERENCES
1. Ter-Minasova S.G. Language and intercultural communication. Moscow, 2004.
2. Maslova V.A. Linguoculturology. Moscow, 2007.
3. Hornby A.S and others. The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. L., 1978.
TILLARARO MUTANOSIB MUQOBILLIK MUAMMOSI TARIXIGA DOIR
Tlektesov F.M.- NDPI,
Tillararo mutanosib muqobillikni aniqlash hamda ulardan unumli foydalanish, uni o`rganish
ehtiyoji mazkur muammoning, qadim tarixdanoq ilk savdo, iqtisodiy, madaniy hamda qo`shnichilik
aloqalarining o`zaro yaqin tilli qabilalar, shu jumladan ehtimol, turli tillarda so'zlashuvchi qabilalar
o'rtasida o`rnatila boshlanishi bilan kun tartibidagi muammo darajasiga chiqqan. Shu boisdan hali
tilshunoslik ilmi tashkil bo`lib, taraqqiy etishidan bir muddat ilgari ilk falsafiy mutafakkirlar tillararo
mutanosib muqobillik muammosi borasida paydo bo'lgan ba'zi savollarni nazariy jihatdan yoritishga
harakat qilishgan. Ana shunday mulohazalar jumlasiga qadimgi yunon olimi va faylasufi Empirikning
ayni muammoga qaratilgan "...yer yuzidagi har insonning yashash joyi, kelib chiqishi va millatiga
ko`ra farqlanuvchi odatiy kundalik hayoti bor …"[6; 92].
Zamonlar o‘tib tilshunoslar tillararo munosabatlar, shu jumladan ikkidan ortiq tillararo
munosabatlar doirasida tadqiqotni amalga oshirish mobaynida mazkur muammoga qayta - qayta
murojaat qilishga majbur bo‘lib kelishgan. XIX asr oxirida semantika tilshunoslikning mustaqil
tarmog‘i sifatida ajratilishi hisobiga tillararo muqobillik muammosini leksik-semantik sathda alohida
ajratib o‘rganish imkoni paydo bo‘lgan. Til birliklarining ma’nosi tadqiqi bilan bog‘liq har qanday
yangi yo‘nalish: diaxron semantika, sinxron semantika, formal semantika, kognitiv semantika
kabilarning umumiy tilshunoslikda yangi tarmoq o‘laroq paydo bo‘lishi yuqorida so‘z yuritilgan
masala tadqiqi mohiyatiga oydinlik kiritib borgan.
