Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная
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и
лингводидактика
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Foreign
Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/foreign-linguistics
Lexical and semantic features of pottery terms in Tajik
and English languages
Diyora NARZULLAEVA
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received April 2024
Received in revised form
10 May 2024
Accepted 25 May 2024
Available online
25 June 2024
This study compares the lexical-semantic characteristics and
techniques for creating pottery terminology in the Tajik and
English languages. Homonymy, synonymy and polysemy in the
vocabulary of ceramists are considered, as well as the influence
of terminology borrowed from Russian and Arabic. The study
examines the basic methods of constructing terms, paying
particular attention to morphological and syntactic processes.
The study highlights the usefulness of ceramic terminology in
different cultural and technological contexts and highlights how
important standardization is for clear communication. Overall,
it provides useful information for linguists and pottery
professionals.
2181-3701
/©
2024 in Science LLC.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss1
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
pottery terminology,
comparative analysis,
lexical-semantic features,
term formation methods,
polysemy,
synonymy,
homonymy,
borrowed terms,
morphological analysis,
cultural influence.
Tojik va ingliz tillarida kulolchilik terminlarining leksik-
semantik xususiyatlari
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
kulolchilik terminologiyasi,
qiyosiy tahlil,
leksik-semantik
xususiyatlar,
atama yasalish usullari,
polisemiya, sinonimiya,
omonimiya,
o‘
zlashtirilgan atamalar,
morfologik tahlil,
madaniy ta
’
sir.
Ushbu tadqiqotda tojik va ingliz tillaridagi kulolchilik
terminologiyasining leksik-semantik xususiyatlari va yaratilish
texnikasi qiyosiy tahlil qilingan. Mazkur maqolada kulolchilik
lu
g‘
atidagi omonimiya, sinonimiya va polisemiyani, shuningdek,
rus va arab tillaridan qabul qilingan terminologiyaning ta
’
sirini
k
o‘
rib chiqadi. Tadqiqot morfologik va sintaktik jarayonlarni
ta
’
kidlab, atama tuzishning asosiy usullarini k
o‘
rib chiqadi.
Tadqiqot turli xil madaniy va texnologik kontekstlarda
keramika terminologiyasining foydaliligini ta
’
kidlaydi va
aloqani aniqlashtirish uchun standartlashtirish qanchalik
1
PhD Student, Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages. E-mail: narzullayevadiyora01@gmail.com
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
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muhimligini ta
’
kidlaydi. Umuman olganda, u kulolchilik bilan
bo
g‘
liq sohalardagi tilshunoslar va mutaxassislar uchun chuqur
ma
’
lumot beradi.
Лексико
-
семантическая характеристика гончарных
терминов в таджикском и английском языках
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
гончарная терминология,
сопоставительный анализ,
лексико
-
семантические
особенности,
способы
терминообразования,
полисемия,
синонимия,
омонимия,
заимствованные термины,
морфологический анализ,
культурное влияние.
В данном исследовании сравниваются лексико
-
семантические характеристики и приемы создания
гончарной терминологии на таджикском и английском
языках. Рассматриваются омонимия, синонимия и
многозначность в лексике керамистов, а также влияние
терминологии, заимствованной из русского и арабского
языков. В исследовании рассматриваются основные
методы построения терминов, уделяя особое внимание
морфологическим
и
синтаксическим
процессам.
Исследование подчеркивает полезность керамической
терминологии в различных культурных и технологических
контекстах
и
подчеркивает,
насколько
важна
стандартизация для четкого общения. В целом, он
предоставляет полезную информацию для лингвистов и
специалистов гончарных отраслей.
INTRODUCTION
An age-old and timeless craft, pottery exemplifies the intersection of culture, art,
and technology. The world of pottery has a complex vocabulary that captures the
nuances of material, technique, and history. To provide light on the lexical-semantic
characteristics and creation techniques unique to this specialized vocabulary, this study
compares and examines the subtle differences in pottery terminology between the Tajik
and English languages. The first part of the research acknowledges the attractiveness of
pottery, which is timeless and does not depend on location or time. We seek to explore
the lexical nuances of pottery terminology to identify the language themes that are
common to this diverse field. Important language processes that give ceramic phrases
many levels of meaning and complexity, such as polysemy, synonymy, and homonymy,
are at the centre of our investigation.
Additionally, we examine the impact of borrowed phrases by tracking their
linguistic roots in Arabic, Russian, and other languages. By carefully examining various
term development techniques, such as morphological and syntactic methodologies, we
aim to reveal the structural foundations of ceramic terminology. In the end, this study
highlights the importance of pottery as a reflection of technical progress and cultural
legacy in addition to deepening our grasp of its language. Through illuminating the
language terrain of ceramic jargon, our goal is to enhance academic conversations and
offer significant perspectives for both professionals and amateurs.
MATERIALS
To do a thorough comparative analysis of pottery terminology in the Tajik and
English languages, the research makes use of a wide range of resources. This paves the
way for future investigations into the lexical-semantic characteristics and formation
techniques inherent in pottery vocabulary.
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Speaking of dictionaries, authoritative sources like The New Grolier Webster
International Dictionary of the English Language and informative dictionaries for the
Tajik and English languages provide us with thorough definitions and explanations of
pottery terms, clarifying their meanings and usage within their respective linguistic
contexts. Academic materials, such as study articles by Doro, who explored polysemy,
synonymy, and homonymy in ceramic terminology, further support our investigation and
offer useful insights into linguistic processes common to both languages.
Scholars such as
Ainī and Fafurov provide insight into the linguistic and cultural
factors influencing pottery terminology, while Peschereeva
’
s works explore the
complexities of term creation techniques and borrowed terminology unique to the Tajik
pottery vocabulary. Terminological works like the Tajik State Terminology and the
Yearbook of Dialectology, which provide a plethora of specialist vocabulary and
terminological insights crucial for our research, complement these scholarly materials.
Furthermore, Fafurov
’
s terminological investigations offer critical viewpoints on
borrowed terms and the development of Tajik ceramic vocabulary.
To further enhance our comprehension and provide a wealth of research materials
and scholarly perspectives, we also consult additional resources such as pottery
textbooks, manuals, academic journals, and online databases. This allows for a
comprehensive comparative analysis of pottery terminology in both languages.
METHODS
This research employs a comparative and analytical approach to examine the
polysemy, homonymy, and terminology formation in the field of pottery in Tajik and
English languages. Utilizing qualitative methods, linguistic data sourced from
authoritative dictionaries, terminological works, and academic literature in both
languages were gathered to analyze pottery terminology. Through comparative analysis,
similarities and differences in the polysemy and homonymy of pottery terms in Tajik and
English were identified. Furthermore, the formation of pottery terms was scrutinized,
encompassing affixal or morphological, syntactic-morphological, morphological-
syntactic, and lexical-semantic methods. Structural analysis of pottery terms was
conducted using morphological methods to distinguish simple and derivative terms,
elucidating the roles of prefixes and suffixes in term formation. Moreover, productive and
unproductive suffixes in the formation of pottery terms were identified and analyzed.
Drawing conclusions from the comparative analysis, the research underscores the
integral role of terminology in expressing cultural concepts and the practical connections
of pottery terminology with other fields. By contributing to the understanding of
linguistic phenomena such as polysemy, synonymy, homonymy, and term formation, this
study enriches the scholarly discourse surrounding pottery terminology in Tajik and
English languages.
DISCUSSION
The first section
analyzes "Polysemy of pottery terminology in Tajik and
English languages"
. The term
gil
(clay) is one of the key terms in pottery, has many
meanings, and is interpreted in sources as follows: "earth, soil, pottery, a mixture of soil
and water that is sticky and hardens or dries over time; mud" [Doro Ch. 1, 2021, 179].
The English equivalent of
gil
is the noun
clay
, it has the following meanings in the
explanatory dictionaries: "Clay is a kind of earth that is soft when it is wet and hard when
it is dry. Clay is shaped and baked to make things such as pots and bricks; a stiff, sticky
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fine-grained earth that can be molded when wet, and is dried and baked to make bricks,
pottery, and ceramics; sediment with particles smaller than silt, typically less than 0. 002
mm; a hardened clay. 002 mm; a hardened clay surface for a tennis court; a clay court;
the substance of the human div this, lifeless clay" [TNGWIDEL, 1971, 234]
–
Clay is a
type of earth, soft when wet and hard when dry. Clay is molded and fired to make pots
and bricks; a hard, sticky fine-grained earth that can be molded when wet, and after
drying and firing is used to make bricks, earthenware, and pottery; a sediment with
particles finer than silt, usually less than 0.002 mm; the top layer of hardened soil used as
a tennis court; the substance of the human div, lifeless clay. Of the five meanings
mentioned, only the first, second, and third meanings refer to the use of the word clay as
a term for pottery.
Thus, the phenomenon of synonymy is also characteristic of the ceramic terms of
Tajik and English languages, and in most cases many of these terms can be substituted for
each other.
The homonymy of Tajik and English pottery terminology
is analyzed and
discussed in the third section of the second chapter. Along with polysemy, synonymy, and
antonymy, homonyms are considered one of the important phenomena of any language
and differ in some of their characteristics. Thus, we categorized the homonyms collected
during the study as follows:
1.
Lexical homonyms.
In both languages, lexical homonyms refer to words and
terms that are close in form and belong to the same part of speech. While in Tajik literary
language the noun ҷogaҳ is used as ҷoy baroi khob, rakhti khob, tahti khob, bistar (bed,
place to sleep), in pottery the word ҷogaҳ means zarf (utensils, object). The term charkh
(wheel) as a homonym in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Tajik Language has the
following meanings: "1. Anything round that revolves around its axis, a wheel; to spin;
a) to go around, spin; b) to walk, look; 2. Tools made with a circle; a potter
’
s wheel,
a spinning wheel; a hand-spinning tool; 3. The name of a device with a circle, with which
tools with a blade are sharpened; to sharpen a knife on a circle; 4. transfer. sky,
firmament, universe, fate; 5. transfer. rotation; the cycle of life, the passage of time"
[TSTYA, CH. 1, 2008, 539]. The English equivalent of the noun term charkh is the unit
"wheel", which is interpreted in The new Grolier Webster International Dictionary of the
English Language as follows: "1. wheel (rotating circle with spokes); hydraulic wheel;
steering wheel; steering wheel; driving wheel; main wheel; 2. cart wheel; acrobatic
figure. 3. narcotic pills [TNGWIDEL, 1971, 985]. Thus, from the interpretation of the term
circle in the two languages under study it became known that in them this term can
absorb the phenomenon of homonymy.
2.
Morphological homonyms.
This type of homonym includes words and terms
belonging to different parts of speech. The compound noun workshop has the following
meaning in the sources: "1) a room or building in which goods are manufactured or
repaired; 2) a meeting at which a group of people engages in intensive discussion and
activity on a particular subject or project 3) presents a performance of (a dramatic work),
using intensive group discussion and improvisation to explore aspects of the production
before formal staging" [TNGWIDEL, 1971, 1147]
–
a room or building in which goods are
made or repaired; a gathering in which a group of people actively discuss and work on a
particular subject or project; present a performance of (a dramatic work) using intensive
group discussion and improvisation to explore aspects of the production before formal
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staging. From the three interpretations of the term workshop, it is known that the first
two interpretations are nouns the third interpretation is a verb, and the mentioned terms
are morphological homonyms.
It should be emphasized that if homonyms appear, on the one hand, because of the
difference in the meaning of words in pottery terminology, on the other hand, their
appearance in the literary language is natural. In addition, most homonyms arise as a
result of huge differences in the meaning of several words between different fields of
science and technology, industry, and production.
The fourth section of the second chapter
"Borrowed pottery terminology in
Tajik and English"
describes the ways and means of penetration of borrowed words.
Native Tajik and English words are the basis for the formation and development of terms
of professions and crafts. This group of terms also occupies an extensive place in the
terminological system of pottery production, and their main components are formed by
the following indigenous Tajik and English words: safol, gil, kosa, loy, charkh, oftoba,
datshӯy [Peshchevereva, 1959, 71], hum, deg; earthenware, ceramic, clay, bowl, wheel,
narrow-naked jug for washing (watering), washstand, washbowl, pot, copper [OALD,
2010, 336] and others. However, the lexical composition of Tajik and English languages,
including the terminology of pottery production, contains a large number of borrowed
words. That is why we categorized the borrowed words and terms collected in the course
of the study as follows:
Arabic borrowings:
Those terms borrowed from Arabic are very famous and
widely used in the sphere of professions and crafts: dukon [Peschereeva, 1959, 155],
khalifa, qadaҳ, tawaq, mashrafa [Peschereeva, 1959, 244], nakkosh, naksh (bench, khalifa
(journeyman), bowl, dish, mashrafa, painting, pattern, etc.).
Russian-international terminology:
The penetration of Russian-international
words and terms into the lexical composition of the Tajik language has a historical factor,
and one such factor is the accession of Central Asian countries to the Russian Empire.
Russian-international terms form an important part of the lexicon of the pottery industry
and refer to pottery and the list of types of pottery: factory, seh, turba, stove, glazur, kafel,
suviner, majolica, service, decanter, samovor, goblet, and others. The majority of Russian-
international words have undergone evolution, changed their phonetic form, and
adapted to the phonetic system of the Tajik language, and this, first of all, refers to
colloquial words that have entered the literary language.
Regarding borrowed terms, it should be noted that most of the English borrowed
terms have Latin and Greek elements, as the English had cultural and economic relations
with these peoples. In the Tajik language, most of all borrowings of terms from Russian
and Arabic languages are traced. A significant amount of pottery terminology in the
compared languages has chemical and physical names such as: "additive
–
additive;
agent
–
substance, arcanum
–
arcanum, amorphous
–
amphoric, barium
–
barium,
ceramics
–
ceramics, colo(u)r
–
color, corundum
–
corundum, gypsum
–
gypsum, glue
–
glue, gravity
–
mass, flux
–
melting, ferrum
–
iron, lithium
–
lithium" [TNGWIDEL, 1971].
In the lexical composition in both languages, there is a significant number of terms,
affixes which are Greek and Latin such as: "muvofiqati biologi (biocompatibility)
–
biocompatibility, ceramicsgraphy
–
ceramicsgraphy, gahnite
–
gahnite, hokaҳo (powders)
–
nanopowders, sermarҳila (multiphase)
–
polyphase, serurethane (polyurethane)
–
polyurethane" [TNGWIDEL, 1971].
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The first part of the third chapter
"The main ways of term formation of pottery
terms of Tajik and English languages"
is devoted to the classification of the main ways
of term formation of Tajik and English languages.
It should be noted that at present there is no unified opinion among scientists and
linguists about the ways of creating terms and words. According to J. Sager, "the
formation of terms can be carried out in two ways: the use of words in the existing
structure of the language, that is, at the expense of the existing words in the language and
the formation of a new lexical unit" [Sager, 1980, 71-80]. Terminologist V. M. Leitchik
emphasizes that "the ways of formation of terms of a certain field of knowledge
correspond to the ways of formation of lexical units characteristic of this natural
language" [Leitchik, 2007, 108].
In our opinion, different views and opinions on this issue are because each term
has its ways of formation within each language. In the process of research, analysis, and
study of collected materials it became known that the following ways of term formation
are characteristic of terms in the pottery industry in Tajik and English languages: affixal
or morphological, i.e. creation of the term using suffixes and prefixes; syntactic-
morphological, morphological-syntactic and lexical-semantic.
In the second section of the third chapter
"Structural analysis of the terms of
pottery industry of Tajik and English languages based on morphological method of
term formation,"
the terms of pottery industry of the compared languages based on
morphological method are considered.
In this chapter, before paying attention to the structural analysis of pottery terms
based on the morphological method, simple terms were first described. In both
languages, the number of simple terms is substantial, and most of them are nouns, i.e.
noun terms represent this group of terms in the lexical composition of the compared
languages in comparison with other parts of speech: hok, gil safol [Peschereeva, 1959,
158], kӯza, zarf, hum, kӯra [Peschereeva, 1959, 198]; clay, soil, pot, jug, etc.
A large group of terms in the pottery industry of Tajik and English languages are
derivative terms, which are formed based on the morphological or affixal way of term
formation. Below we will mention the terms formed with the help of two important
word-forming units, i.e. prefix and suffix, with the titles "term formation with the prefix"
and "term formation with the suffix".
1. Formation of a term with a prefix. The role of prefixes in the formation of
pottery terms in Tajik and English is not so significant, their number is very limited.
Therefore, the prefixes using which terms are formed are presented below:
re-:
reformulate;
de-
: degradation; nontoxic, non-toxic;
pre-
: preheating
im-
: immature, raw;
poly-
: polychrome, polychromatic, polychromatic;
under-
: underfired, insufficiently
fired, underglaze, paint or powder used in pottery before glazing;
over-
: overglaze
[TNGWIDEL, 1971, 675], a powder or composition of ceramic paint for coloring the glaze
surface.
2.
Formation of a term with a suffix. Compared to prefixes, the role of suffixes in
the creation of pottery terms of the compared languages is very great. Thus, in the
process of analyzing, studying, and comparing the collected vocabulary and terms, it was
found that terms are formed using the following suffixes: -a: dasta (a part of an object, a
clay part of an object, which is taken in the hands when it is used: the handle of a jug, the
handle of a stove, etc.); mӯa: dasta (a part of an object, a clay part of an object, which is
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taken in the hands when it is used: the handle of a jug, the handle of a stove, etc.). etc.;
mӯҳra, kalla, mola [Peschereeva, 1959, 139], oftoba, kunda, kabza, parra [Peschereeva,
1959, 168], ҷӯsha handle (seal, head, brush, oven, churban, etc.). In most cases the
equivalent element -ak is used instead of the suffix -a, which is often combined with
adjectives and nouns, forming terms: dastak, gӯshak [Peschevereva, 1959, 38]. (handle,
ear). The equivalent of this suffix in English is the element -le meaning "forming names of
appliances or instruments": handle [Mamadnazarov, 2015, 388]
–
dastak (handle):
pitcher
’
s handle, ju
g‘
s or the handle of a jug, the handle of a pitcher; pot
’
s handle or the
handle of a pot. suffix -
ӣ. In Tajik with the help of this suffix, relative adjectives denoting
this or that profession are formed from a noun: chinӣ<zarfi chinӣ; safolӣ<masnuoti
safolӣ; kulolӣ <asbobi kulolӣ, chizu choraҳoi kulolӣ, abzori kulolӣ [Doro Ch.2, 2021,
430]. It is worth noting that the mentioned suffix is one of the most productive suffixes of
the Tajik language, and the number of terms formed with the help of this suffix is not
limited: loҷuwardӣ, guppӣ, chashmӣ. The equivalent of this suffix in English is the
element -ing: polishing, grinding smoothing. -cha: devorcha, dumcha, degcha, bodomcha;
-
gar: kulolgar [Doro Ch.1, 2021, 430]; kӯzagar [Doro Ch.1, 2021, 440]; kosagar [Ainӣ,
2013, 111]; safolgar [Ғafurov, 2020, 633].
-
on: kulolon, ҳunarmandon, nakkoshon;
-
chӣ:
tanurchӣ (maker of tandyrs), uchokchӣ (maker of hearths) [Peschereeva, 1959, 164],
tabakchӣ (maker of dishes and plates). [Peschereeva, 1959, 207];
-
gӣ: yaktogӣ, dutogӣ,
setagӣ, chortagӣ (one
-, two-, three-, four-); -ak: kabudak, zardak, surkhak [Peschereeva,
1959, 39], darozak, kaҷak;
-an: pukhtan (to fire
–
to fire pottery in a kiln), guzoshtan (to
put ceramic jugs in a kiln). The equivalent of the suffix -an in English is the preposition to,
which reflects the initial form of the verb: to bake; to put; to lay; -don: otashdon, humdon,
degdon, chirogdon [Peschereeva, 1959, 74], ҳaikaldon, kuldon [Peschereeva, 1959, 155],
sham
’
don, guldon, nondon, degdon [Peschereeva, 1959, 6]. In English suffix -don has no
equivalent, terms formed in Tajik with its help are used in English in simple and
compound forms: kiln, furnace, oven, hearth, candlestick, support, rest, stand, prop;
pedestal, flowerpot [TNGWIDEL, 1971, 375]; -
garӣ: kӯzagarӣ, kulogarӣ[Doro Ch.1, 2021,
430], safolgarӣ, kosagarӣ.
The analysis of forming suffixes reveals that they are divided into productive and
unproductive suffixes. It should be noted that the role of suffixes in the formation of
terms is very noticeable. Therefore, we consider it necessary to present the forming
productive suffixes in the form of a diagram.
As a result of the comparative study, analysis, and comparison of pottery terms in
Tajik and English languages, we have come to the following conclusions:
1.
Terminology is an integral part of language and includes specific concepts that,
along with commonly used words, can express the rise and fall of the culture of each
person and nation. In our opinion, a term is a word or phrase that belongs to one branch
and its differences from a commonly used word are concretized only in a phrase,
sentence, or branch text. A term along with a word can possess such linguistic
phenomena as polysemy, synonymy, and homonymy.
2.
In this regard, it can be noted that the lexical composition of the language is in a
state of continuous development and evolution, which leads to its enrichment. When
unifying and systematizing the terms of this or that field taking into account some criteria
related to the issues of terminology and borrowing terms, terminologists need to pay
special attention to the peculiarities of this widely used language unit. In our opinion, the
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establishment and definition of uniform requirements to terms by scientists and linguists
is not quite correct, because the only feature that distinguishes a word of general use
from a term is its use in a particular field. One of the main features of a term is its use in a
specific field and comprehensibility for specialists in this field.
3.
One of the distinctive features of pottery terminology is its practical and
meaningful connection with other fields such as chemistry and mineralogy, culture, and
crafts. In addition to the above notions, it should be noted that the system of pottery
terminology of the above languages represents not only simple, derivative, and complex
terms, but is also saturated with numerous terms-phrases.
4.
Each branch includes a set of certain terms and term-word combinations. The
basic concepts that make up the whole system of pottery in terms of the compared
languages and other terms of this field formed on their basis are commonly used words:
gil, safol, chin
ӣ
, and others.
CONCLUSION
To sum up, this study has offered a thorough analysis of polysemy, homophones,
and terminology development in the pottery area in both Tajik and English. Important
insights into the nature and structure of ceramic terminology have been gained by
qualitative study of linguistic data taken from reputable dictionaries, terminological
works, and academic literature. The polysemy and homonymy of pottery words have
been compared and shown to differ from one another, providing insight into the complex
linguistic structure of these languages. Additionally, the investigation of several term
creation techniques, including affixal, lexical-semantic, and syntactic-morphological
approaches, has provided important insights into the mechanisms behind the
development of ceramic terminology.
The identification and categorization of simple and derivative words, as well as the
explanation of the function of prefixes and suffixes in forming the vocabulary of pottery,
have been made easier by structural analysis, with a special emphasis on morphological
techniques. Our comprehension of the subtleties in ceramic word development has been
enhanced by this study
’
s exploration of the productive and unproductive suffixes. In the
end, this study adds to a deeper understanding of language phenomena and emphasizes
the role that terminology has in communicating cultural ideas and bridging gaps across
many professions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We sincerely thank all the people and organizations that have helped to make this
study possible. We especially thank the writers of scientific publications, reputable
dictionaries, and terminological works that contributed the first data for our
investigation. We owe the academic community a debt of gratitude for all of its insightful
comments and suggestions made during this study. We also thank our mentors and
advisers for their assistance and advice, whose wisdom has greatly influenced the course
of this study. Finally, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our friends, family,
and co-workers for their continuous support and encouragement during this project.
Their support has consistently provided us with drive, and we sincerely appreciate their
involvement in our academic endeavours.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue
–
1 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
335
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