Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная
лингвистика
и
лингводидактика
–
Foreign
Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/foreign-linguistics
Training student translators in medical terms
Shakhlo SHAROBIDINOVA
Uzbekistan State World Languages University
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received March 2024
Received in revised form
10 April 2024
Accepted 25 April 2024
Available online
25 July 2024
This study aimed to investigate the challenges faced by
translation students at Uzbekistan State World Languages
University when translating medical texts, as perceived by their
instructors. It sought to explore the perceptions of translation
teachers regarding the quality of translation output produced by
students in the context of medical texts. Employing a quantitative
descriptive approach, the study utilized a questionnaire as the
primary means of data collection. One hundred translation
teachers from this university were surveyed, and the data were
subsequently analyzed using SPSS software. The findings revealed
that a comprehension of the structure of medical terms could
facilitate the translation process, while inexperienced or
inadequately trained translators may encounter difficulties in
rendering medical texts accurately. Furthermore, the study
underscored the need for improvements in curricula and
translation techniques to address these challenges effectively.
Particularly, the study focuses on the distinctive hurdles
encountered in medical translation, such as students' limited
medical background and their unfamiliarity with medical
terminology and expressions. To address these obstacles, it is
suggested that providing a bilingual introduction to essential
anatomical, diagnostic, symptomatic, operative, laboratory, and
clinical terms related to various bodily systems could be beneficial.
Additionally, along with substantial practice in translation tasks, a
comprehensive medical translation course should incorporate
guidance on valuable reference materials. The researcher
employed both descriptive and analytical methodologies to
analyze and interpret the interview results. Several findings and
underlying causes of the identified problems were uncovered
during the study. Additionally, the researcher proposed
recommendations aimed at addressing these challenges and
facilitating improvement.
2181-3663
/©
2024 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss3-pp331-340
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
Medical text,
language of medicine,
equivalences,
terminologies affixes and
combining forms,
common medical
abbreviations,
"lay" terms vs medical
terms,
medical English style; and
the standard format of
medical journal articles.
1
Assistant teacher, English Language Translation Theory Department, Translation Faculty, Uzbekistan State World
Languages University. Tashkent, Uzbekistan. E-mail: shaaxloshka@gmail.com
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
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Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue
–
2
№
3 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
332
Tibbiyot atamalarini tarjimon talabalarga o
‘
qitish
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
Lotin va yunon ildizlari,
affikslar va shakl
birikmalari,
umumiy tibbiy qisqartmalar,
tibbiy atamalarga nisbatan
"sodda" atamalar,
tibbiy ingliz uslubi,
tibbiy jurnallardagi
maqolalar uchun standart
format.
Ushbu tadqiqotning maqsadi O‘zbekiston davlat jahon tillari
universiteti talaba tarjimonlarining tibbiyot matnlarini tarjima
qilishda duch keladigan muammolarini o‘qituvchilar tomonidan
o‘rganishdan iborat. Shuningdek, tibbiyot matnlari kontekstida
talabalar tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan tarjima sifati haqidagi
tarjimon o'qituvchilarining fikrlarini o'rganish kerak edi.
Tadqiqot miqdoriy tavsiflovchi yondashuvdan foydalangan
va ma'lumotlarni yig'ishning asosiy vositasi sifatida
so'rovnomadan foydalanilgan. Ushbu universitetning yuz nafar
tarjimon o‘qituvchilari bilan suhbat o‘tkazildi va olingan
ma’lumotlar SPSS yordamida tahlil qilindi. Natijalar shuni
ko'rsatdiki, tibbiy atamalarning tuzilishini tushunish tarjima
jarayonini osonlashtirishi mumkin, tajribasiz yoki yaxshi
o'qilmagan tarjimonlar esa tibbiy matnlarni to'g'ri yetkazishda
qiyinchiliklarga duch kelishlari mumkin. Bundan tashqari,
tadqiqotda ushbu muammolarni samarali hal etish uchun o‘quv
dasturlari va tarjima usullarini takomillashtirish zarurligi
ta’kidlandi. Xususan, tadqiqotda asosiy e’tibor tibbiy tar
jimada
uchraydigan umumiy to‘siqlar, ya’ni talabalarning tibbiy
tayyorgarlikning cheklanganligi, tibbiy atama va iboralarni
yaxshi bilmasligi kabilarga qaratilgan. Ushbu to'siqlarni bartaraf
etish uchun turli tana tizimlari bilan bog'liq asosiy anatomik,
diagnostik, simptomatik, operativ, laboratoriya va klinik
atamalarni ikki tilda tanishtirish foydali bo'lishi mumkin.
Bundan tashqari, tarjima topshiriqlarida muhim amaliyot bilan
bir qatorda, keng qamrovli tibbiy tarjima kursi qimmatli
ma'lumotnomalar bo'yicha ko'rsatmalarni o'z ichiga olishi
kerak. Ushbu maqolaning maqsadi tibbiyot ingliz tiliga
ixtisoslashgan o'qituvchilar va tarjimonlar duch keladigan
muammolarni o'rganishdir. Tadqiqotchi suhbat natijalarini
tahlil qilish va izohlash uchun tavsiflovchi va tahliliy
metodologiyadan foydalangan. Tadqiqot davomida bir qator
xulosalar chiqarilib, aniqlangan muammolarning asosiy
sabablari aniqlandi. Bundan tashqari, tadqiqotchi ushbu
muammolarni hal qilishga va vaziyatni yaxshilashga yordam
berishga qaratilgan tavsiyalarni taklif qildi.
Обучение студентов
-
переводчиков медицинским терминам
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
Медицинский текст,
язык медицины,
эквиваленты,
терминологические
аффиксы и сочетания
форм
,
Целью данного исследования было изучение проблем, с
которыми
сталкиваются
студенты
-
переводчики
Узбекского государственного университета мировых
языков при переводе медицинских текстов, а также
восприятие этих проблем преподавателями. Исследование
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
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Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
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Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
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распространенные
медицинские
аббревиатуры
,
«светские»
термины
в сравнении
с медицинскими
,
стиль медицинского
английского языка
,
стандартный формат
статей в медицинских
журналах.
основывалось на количественном описательном подходе,
данные собирались с помощью анкетирования ста
преподавателей перевода. Анализ данных проводился
через программу SPSS. Результаты показали, что
понимание структуры медицинских терминов может
облегчить процесс перевода, в то время как неопытность и
недостаточная подготовка переводчиков могут приводить
к трудностям в точной передаче медицинских текстов.
Исследование подчеркивает необходимость улучшения
учебных программ и методов перевода, особенно в области
медицинской терминологии и выражений. Для повышения
качества
перевода
предлагается
интеграция
билингвального введения в основные медицинские
термины в комплексный курс медицинского перевода.
INTRODUCTION
Translation has been pivotal in facilitating cross-linguistic and cross-cultural
communication, extending its applicability to various domains, including medical
discourse. Rendering medical texts into different languages presents considerable
challenges due to the specialized nature of medical language, where accurate
communication is paramount to prevent potentially catastrophic outcomes. Often
regarded as the preeminent profession, medicine necessitates proficiency not only in
treating patients but also in navigating its global discourse, predominantly conducted in
English through widely referenced medical journals. Healthcare professionals must
therefore adeptly wield this lingua franca to effectively communicate with colleagues and
patients, as well as to stay abreast of the latest advancements in their field.
Central to effective medical translation is the mastery of medical terminologies,
which are characterized by their specificity and precision. Lee-Jahnke underscores the
complexity posed by medical terminologies, particularly those rooted in Greek and Latin
origins, which many translators may not be familiar with. Consequently, efforts should be
made to acquaint translators with these classical languages to enhance their translation
accuracy. In today's globalized healthcare landscape, medical translation serves as a vital
conduit for communication between individuals of different linguistic backgrounds,
particularly evident in the growing trend of utilizing English as the medium of instruction
in medical education in developing nations. However, this shift towards English
instruction risks marginalizing indigenous medical terminologies such as Uzbek,
highlighting the need for nuanced approaches to medical education and translation.
Medical translation is one of the growth areas of translation, at least in the case of
Uzbek-English translation. The medical translation covers a range of genres, from health
information brochures and articles on health in magazines for the general public to
medical textbooks, instructions accompanying prescription drugs, and specialized
articles in medical journals.
Problem Statement: The domain of medical translation presents a multifaceted
challenge, characterized by the ongoing dissemination of new knowledge and discoveries
across cultural boundaries worldwide. It operates within a realm of rapidly advancing
scientific progress, introducing a plethora of new terms into medical literature each year.
Among the numerous hurdles faced in this field are complexities associated with medical
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue
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2
№
3 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
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terminology, issues of linguistic equivalence, readability concerns, and the distinctive
characteristics of medical language. Consequently, the imperative to stay abreast of
evolving knowledge amplifies. This study endeavors to investigate the challenges
encountered by students at Uzbekistan State University of World Languages (Translation
Faculty) in translating medical texts into Uzbek, from the perspective of their teachers.
The three main areas which present difficulty in medical translation are as follows:
1.
Students’ lack of medical knowledge;
2.
Medical terminology;
3.
Medical phraseology;
It is these three areas which characterize the teaching of medical translation. In
other respects, teaching medical translation is a little different from teaching translation
in any other technical field, and conventional teaching techniques can be used. The main
goal in teaching these three areas is to help students perceive the systems underlying
both medical terminology and the div of medical knowledge.
Study objectives:
This research aims to accomplish the following objectives:
1. Identify potential strategies to enhance the translation of medical texts among
translation students.
2. Explore the utilization of affixes as a facilitative tool for simplifying medical text
translation.
Research questions:
The study seeks to address the following inquiries:
1. To what degree are translation students acquainted with affixation in medical
terminology?
2. How do translation
students’
approach and navigate challenges encountered in
medical translation?
Hypotheses:
1. Translation students require a deeper understanding of affixation.
2. Translation students need to augment their familiarity with medical
terminology.
REVIEWING THE LITERATURE
Translation within the medical field is paramount, as it ensures seamless
communication. Without translation, patients would be unable to comprehend their
diagnosis, prescriptions, or instructions for taking medication. They would also struggle
to schedule follow-up appointments and adhere to their doctor's recommendations for
recovery. It is emphasized that accuracy in medical translation is crucial, given its direct
impact on lives and livelihoods. Specialized expertise is required, as medical terminology
is highly intricate and specific to the healthcare domain, encompassing medication
details, patient health status, and disease descriptions. Such terminology demands a deep
understanding, typically possessed by specialists within the field.
Clients seeking medical translation services should prioritize working with
translators who possess subject matter expertise. These translators should demonstrate
proficiency in multiple languages and possess extensive experience in the medical
domain, along with a comprehensive understanding of its technical jargon. Their
contributions often result in documents that prove invaluable to healthcare
professionals, aiding doctors and nurses in effectively caring for their patients.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
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Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
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Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
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ESTABLISHING A RESEARCH GAP
Translation has traditionally been perceived as the process of establishing
equivalence between the source language (SL) and the target language (TL). The most
challenging aspect of translation lies in finding suitable equivalents, as equivalence,
denoting similarity or sameness, holds significant importance in translation theory.
However, achieving perfect equivalence in transferring properties from the source text
(ST) to the target text (TT) is unattainable, given the distinct grammatical, lexical, and
textual systems inherent in each language. A translator's inability to find an appropriate
equivalent may lead to inaccuracies, which can be particularly consequential in fields like
medicine. The widespread use of English in scientific domains, including medicine,
restricts the use of other languages. Translators often encounter difficulties in navigating
English structures, which may result in mistranslations. Moreover, ambiguity arises from
the presence of newly coined or highly technical English terms, posing comprehension
challenges for untrained translators in the SL. The inevitability of having various types of
equivalence and multiple medical Uzbek terms for a single English medical term can be
attributed to several factors. These include the presence of distinct translation bodies
operating independently in the Arab world, as well as the existence of numerous codified
lexical resources. Such factors contribute to the proliferation of terms, leading to
terminological inconsistency due to a lack of standardization.
The growing demand for technical and scientific translation stems from
advancements in science and technology, the expansion of scientific, technical,
commercial, and cultural interactions, and the mutual desire of nations and governments
to enhance cooperation and coordinate efforts in advancing civilization. Within the realm
of translation, medical translation holds significant importance as a branch of scientific
and technical translation.
Every language possesses its unique characteristics, making it challenging to find
suitable equivalents for certain words or concepts in other languages. Uzbek translators
often encounter difficulty in identifying lexical counterparts for English terms, objects,
and events in Uzbek. There are instances where English words and concepts lack direct
equivalents in Uzbek, and vice versa. In the realm of medical translation, localization
becomes imperative. Localization involves adapting translations to incorporate cultural
nuances, such as adjusting health-related measurements (e.g., ounces to grams or
milliliters) and interpreting acronyms like TBD (twice per day). Additionally, cultural
practices vary, with different countries and cultures addressing medical professionals in
diverse ways, and some cultures still incorporate traditional medicine alongside modern
practices. How professionals are addressed holds significant cultural importance in many
societies. Incorrect usage of formality or cultural norms in language can be highly
offensive, even if the content itself is accurate.
STATING A PURPOSE, DOUBLETS, AFFIXATION AND WORD COMPOUNDING
Compound nominal phrases like contrast medium, patient safety, and heart failure
are frequently encountered in the fundamentals of medical English. When translating
these common phrases into other languages, adjustments in phrasing or syntactic
structure may be necessary. One distinctive feature of specialized terminology is the
incorporation of Latin and Greek affixes. Prefixes and suffixes, often originating from
Greek or Latin roots, are prevalent in medical terminology, including:
hypo
–
insufficient
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hyper
–
excessive
Variations in these affixes across different languages result in differences in
semantic usage. Doublets can also pose challenges, as translators must carefully select
the appropriate term for specific audiences. Many of these affixes originate from Latin
and Greek roots. Here are some examples:
spinal canal
–
backbone
frontal bone
–
forehead
oral cavity
–
mouth
Medical terms that may at first seem very complex can be divided into their parts
to give you a basic idea of their meaning for instance:
neuro-
means nerve
-oma
means tumor.
Collocations are frequently encountered in English, especially in technical
literature, particularly within the medical domain. Collocations refer to the pairing of two
or more words that are grammatically associated due to their shared meaning. The
challenge in translating collocations arises from the fact that dictionaries often do not
provide precise definitions for them. However, in medical translation, it is not always
difficult to find a collocation in the target language that conveys the same meaning as the
source language collocation.
For example, English collocations such as:
•
Bird flu
• Acute leukemia
• Nerve cell
They can be rendered into Uzbek as:
–
Parranda grippi
–
O'tkir leykemiya
–
Nerv hujayrasi
METHODS
The research employs a quantitative descriptive approach, utilizing a
questionnaire as the primary instrument for data collection. Translation instructors were
surveyed to ascertain the challenges their students encounter while translating medical
texts. Subsequently, the gathered data underwent analysis using SPSS software. The
questionnaire's objective was to elucidate the perspectives of educators concerning the
instruction and acquisition of medical translation skills. It was administered to a cohort
of English language translation instructors across various international universities,
comprising a single section comprising five statements addressing instructors'
perceptions regarding the translation of medical texts from English into Uzbek.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Statement
Strongly
Agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
Disagree
Mean Standard
Deviation
rank
Students of
translation
may not find
the accurate
equivalent of
English
46
41.1%
42
37.5
6
5.4
4
3.6
2
1.8
4.26
0.90
S.A.
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medical terms
in Uzbek.
Understanding
the meaning
and the
structure of
the
elements of
medical terms
may help
students of
translation to
solve the
problems of
translating
medical terms
which contain
different parts
of a word (e.g.
hypertension.)
60
53.6
40
35.7
4.60
0.49
S.A.
Abbreviations,
acronyms,
eponyms, non-
equivalence,
neologism,
polysemy pose
serious
translation
problems
40
35.7
44
39.3
10
8.9
6
5.4
4.18
0.85
A
Most of the
medical terms
are
derived from
Latin and
Greek
languages;
therefore, it is
difficult to use
literal
translation
48
42.9
40
35.7
10
8.9
2
1.8
4.34
0.75
S.A
Understanding
the meaning of
affixes used
with medical
terms will help
students of
translation to
tackle the
problems of
translating
medical terms.
50
44.6
44
39.3
4
3.6
2
1.8
4.42
0.67
S.A
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The table presented above delves into the challenges encountered by translation
students when rendering medical texts, as perceived by their instructors. It is evident
that 60 teachers, with an average score of 53.6, identified a lack of comprehension
regarding the meaning and structure of medical terminology elements as a significant
factor contributing to these difficulties. Additionally, 50 instructors, averaging a score of
4.42, strongly endorsed affixation as the primary obstacle faced by students in translating
medical terms. Furthermore, 48 respondents, with an average score of 4.34, attributed
these challenges to the origins of medical terminology in Greek or Latin. Conversely,
others, averaging a score of 4.18, concurred that difficulties stem from a lack of
familiarity with abbreviations, acronyms, eponyms, non-equivalence, neologisms, and
polysemy.
Figure 1:
Illustrates the challenge faced by translation students in accurately
finding equivalents for English medical terms in Uzbek. The figure presents the
perspectives of teachers regarding the reasons underlying students' difficulties in
translating medical terms. 46 teachers, comprising 46% of the respondents, strongly
concurred that students struggle to find accurate equivalents for English medical terms
in Uzbek. This strong agreement was further bolstered by the support of 42 additional
teachers. However, despite the widespread agreement on this issue, it is notable that one
teacher, representing 2% of the respondents, and four teachers, constituting 4% of the
sample, rejected this notion. Interestingly, six teachers remained neutral on the matter.
Figure 2:
Proficiency in comprehending the meaning and structure of components
within medical terminology could assist translation students in addressing challenges
associated with translating complex medical terms, such as "hypertension," which
comprise multiple word elements.
Figure 3:
illustrates the significant translation challenges posed by abbreviations,
acronyms, eponyms, lack of equivalence, neologisms, and polysemy. The respondents'
perspectives on the obstructive role of these linguistic elements in medical translation
are depicted in the figure. The highest percentage agreement (44), supported by 44
respondents, is observed regarding this statement. Furthermore, strong concurrence is
evident from 40 respondents, representing a percentage index of 40. Despite the
predominant agreement, 10 respondents (10%) remained neutral, while 6 respondents
(6%) disagreed with this assertion.
Figure 4:
portrays the challenges encountered by students when translating
medical terms derived from Greek and Latin languages, indicating the respondents'
perspectives on this issue. A significant majority of 48 respondents, representing 48% of
the sample, strongly agreed with this statement. This strong consensus was further
reinforced by the agreement of 40 additional respondents, constituting 40% of the total.
Conversely, one respondent, comprising 4% of the sample, disagreed with this assertion.
Notably, 10 respondents, representing 10% of the sample, opted for neutrality between
agreement and disagreement.
Figure 5:
illustrates the potential benefit of understanding the meanings of affixes
used in medical terms for translation students in addressing translation challenges. The
statement proposing that comprehension of suffixes and prefixes associated with medical
terms aids students in tackling translation difficulties received strong agreement from 50
respondents, accounting for 50% of the sample. This consensus was further supported by
the agreement of 44 additional respondents. Despite the widespread agreement, it is
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
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Зарубежная лингвистика
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Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
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apparent that one respondent, comprising 2% of the sample, disagreed with this
statement, while 4 respondents, constituting 4% of the sample, remained neutral.
Regarding the two hypotheses positing that:
1. Translation students require enhanced knowledge of affixation.
2. Translation students need to bolster their familiarity with medical terminology.
The outcomes gleaned from the analysis of the questionnaire unveiled that
translation students grapple with challenges when translating medical terms due to:
•
The intricate structures inherent in medical terms, which can lead to diverse
semantic, lexical, and grammatical interpretations.
•
Difficulty in finding precise equivalents of English medical terms in Uzbek.
•
Translation obstacles arising from abbreviations, acronyms, eponyms, non-
equivalence, neologisms, and polysemy.
The study findings suggest that:
•
Proficiency in understanding the meaning and structure of medical terminology
elements could aid translation students in addressing challenges associated with
translating medical terms comprising multiple word components.
•
Translation of medical terms presents difficulties for inexperienced translators
and postgraduate translation students.
•
Inappropriate techniques are employed in the translation of medical terms.
•
The absence of curricula and teaching programs presents hurdles in teaching
medical translation.
CONCLUSION
This paper seeks to investigate the challenges encountered by translation students
in translating medical texts, as perceived by their instructors. Specifically, it aims to
assess the extent to which students at Uzbekistan state university of world languages
encounter difficulties in translating medical terminology. The study employs a
questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The findings indicate that students
struggle to achieve suitable equivalence when translating medical terms. Additionally,
many students lack awareness of affixation in medical terminology, largely because
numerous medical terms originate from Latin and Greek languages, making literal
translation challenging.
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