Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная
лингвистика
и
лингводидактика
–
Foreign
Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/foreign-linguistics
Speech acts of address in the example of English, Russian
and Uzbek linguistics
Dildora NIYAZOVA
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received June 2024
Received in revised form
10 June 2024
Accepted 25 July 2024
Available online
15 July 2024
The theory of speech acts allows us to highlight the features
of the entire communication situation. The article studies the
factors of speech construction related to the sphere of
communicators. The study of denotative-referential and
communicative-functional properties of address, as well as the
definition of an address speech act, is discussed.
2181-3701
/©
2024 in Science LLC.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss4-pp95-99
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
speech acts,
linguopragmatics,
speech construction,
speech act model,
communication.
Ingliz, rus va o‘zbek tilshunosligi misolida murojaatning
nutqiy aktlari
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
nutq aktlari,
lingvopragmatika,
nutq qurilishi,
nutq akti modeli,
aloqa.
Nutq aktlari nazariyasi butun muloqot holatining
xususiyatlarini ajratib ko‘rsatishga imkon yaratib beradi.
Maqolada, Murojaatning ma’nosini nutq aktini o‘lchash
kommunikantlar sohasi bilan bog‘liq nutq qurilishi
omillari o‘rganilgan.
Murojaatning denotativ-referentsial va
kommunikativ-
funksional xossalarini o‘rganish murojaat nutq
akti ta’rifi muhokama qilingan.
1
Doctoral student, Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue
–
2
№
4 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
96
Речевые акты обращения на примере английского,
русского и узбекского языкознания
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
речевые акты,
лингвопрагматика,
речевое построение,
модель речевого акта,
общение.
Теория речевых актов позволяет выделить особенности
всей ситуации общения. В статье изучаются факторы
построения речи, относящиеся к сфере коммуникантов.
Обсуждается исследование денотативно
-
референциальных
и коммуникативно
-
функциональных свойств обращения, а
также определение адресного речевого акта.
INTRODUCTION
One area of linguopragmatics is the study of the postulates of communication, i.e.
the principles or rules of normal human communication. Although violations of
communication postulates make communication impossible, in some cases this is done
intentionally. An unexpected error in an utterance violates the integrity of the text and
indicates either a special strategy of the speaker or the updating of subtextual
information.
LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY
The theory of speech acts is essential from the point of view of linguopragmatics.
The theory of speech acts allows us to highlight the characteristics of the whole
communicative situation. It should be noted that the speech act measurement of the
meaning of an address allows to take into account the factors of speech construction
related to the sphere of communicators: characteristic personality traits, intentions,
attitudes, interpersonal relations of interlocutors [1, p.25]. The consideration of a speech
act as an isolated entity is one of the significant shortcomings of the theory of speech acts,
which are described separately from a specific speech situation. In the speech act model,
the meaning of a statement is divided into three components:
1) what is being said (locution);
2) what behavioral meaning is expressed (illocution);
3) what is the effect or result of speech (perlocution) [7, pp. 86-88]
It should be noted that the central point in the speech act is the illocution, a kind of
speech influence. There are two polar approaches to the classification of speech acts. The
traditional theory of speech acts, developed in the middle of the twentieth century, is
based on the idea of the possibility of dividing all utterances made in the form of a
sentence in a given language into two main types
–
constatives and performatives
(J. Austin). In the theory of speech acts various typologies of performative utterances
have been developed: requests, prohibitions, promissives, directives, etc. In general,
performatives function in the sphere of direct communicative interactions between the
speaker and the addressee, for which, according to D.A. Stehling, "they are characterized
by their units: emotives, vocatives, imperatives, sociatives" [5, p. 20]. Another point of
view is expressed in the works of the German school of T. Ballmer and W. Brennestul.
They believe that the classification of speech acts is based on the verbs that name the
corresponding speech acts. In the work of German researchers 4800 verbs of speech acts
are grouped under the headings of 4 types of activity
–
expression, address, interaction,
and discourse [7, p.30].
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
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Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
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Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue
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2
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4 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
97
These classifications of speech acts are complicated by the consideration of indirect or
transposed speech acts (e.g., an order in the form of a request, a reproach in the form of
gratitude). In addition to direct and indirect speech acts, systemic speech acts are also
distinguished. To understand a systemic speech act, it is not enough to consider the context
of the situation; it is necessary to consider a certain communicative style that is
characteristic of a certain civilization and epoch. Thus, in the Middle Ages, everything was
immersed in a sense of eternal guilt, and one did not even sign one's name without adding
the word "sinner". In R. Kipling's story, "Moti Gudge the Rebel," the elephant driver
addresses his intelligent animal with a polarity of appreciation: "Light of my heart, mountain
of power, lend an ear," said Deesa. "I'm leaving." "But you, fussy old pig, must stay behind
and work. I shall be gone for ten days, oh, delicious one, hold up your near foot, warty toad of
a dried mud puddle... Be still, hog of the backwoods... O my lord, my king! Jewel of all created
elephants, lily of the herd, preserve your honorable health; be virtual.
The appeals "the light of my heart", "mountain of power", "my joy", and "my master"
alternate with the appeals "boring old pig", "forest boar" and others. It is known that the
driver is very attached to his animal. Insults are playful, and sublime addresses are ironic.
This intersection of figurative meanings forms both a picture of the character's idiostyle and
the style of a systemic act characteristic of Indian speech from the point of view of the British
colonialists. A systemic speech act is a culturally determined phenomenon, the
interpretation of which requires significant information. These are appeals.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
The semantic (primarily denotative-referential) and communicative-functional
(pragmatic) properties of addresses have been studied much less than their design
features. These properties are largely explained by the unique place of address in speech
acts, its close connection with the structure of communicative actions, and the
environment in which these actions are performed. It should be noted that when
considering the content side of an address as a component of the utterance of a
communicative act, the leading role is recognized by the pragmatic aspect.
It is quite legitimate to recognize the address as a special speech act (which has
already been done by German scholars), although its structure differs from the structure
of, for example, a directive or a commissive. For this reason, the set of rules for the
construction of an address speech act has its peculiarities. First, there is the rule of
propositional content. The vocative provides a reference to the addressee of the
utterance, but its inherent vocativeness as an illocutionary force does not imply an act of
predication. The address names the addressee. It is primarily an indexical sign. If the
address at the same time expresses an evaluation of the addressee and gives him a
characteristic, then this is not a manifestation of the vocative function, but of an
emotional-evaluative function based on it. Wed:
“I’ve never counted, Dan” [10, No.3]. “There’s breakfast in the dining room,
Melchett, if you’d like anything?” [9, p.34] “But Ellen,” she cried? Staring fixed in
astonishment. “How dare he speak so to me? Mustn’t he be made to do as I ask him?
You wicked creature, I shall tell papa what you said
–
now then!”.
The act of conversion is rarely accomplished alone. It often enters into sequences
of speech acts, subordinating its illocutionary force to the illocutionary force of the act of
communication, the act of command or request, the act of advice, the act of prohibition,
the act of apology, etc. Wed, for example:
The matron walked over to Tracy’s side and nudged her with her foot. “You! Get up!”.
“Brazil?” Jee Romano laughed. “This must be someone’s idea of a joke, Tony.” [10, p.21].
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue
–
2
№
4 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
98
Prizzi grabbed him by the throat. “Listen, you little prick, you’ll give me that
money, or I’m going to feed you to the fish”.
At the same time, the address clarifies its focus on the addressee. This
phenomenon is called the transposed use of address in discourse. Appeal is an indirect
illocutionary reinforcement. D. Wunderlich was the first to consider appeal as an
independent communicative type of utterance. He put it on the same level as directive,
commission, declarative, etc., on the basis that address has its special function:
–
To attract the attention of the addressee. Moreover, Wunderlich considers the
address, together with the directive, to be the primary speech act, since such a statement
controls the attention of the communicant [9, p.77]. L.P. Ryzhova develops this point of
view [4, p.9]. According to her, in addressing, as in any other action, one can distinguish
locutionary (pronunciation of the address), illocutionary (intention of the speaker to
establish contact, characterize the addressee, etc.), and perlocutionary (effect on the
addressee) acts.
Thus, the address corresponds to the definition of a speech act as a purposeful
speech act performed by the principles and rules of speech behavior accepted in a given
society, which has illocutionary force and is capable of influencing the consciousness of
the addressee, causing a certain perlocutionary effect [4, p. 9].
Issues related to the theory of the speech act of address have not been developed
in detail. Having studied the basic provisions of the theory of speech acts, we will
construct a speech act of address. The initial stage of any speech act is the speaker's
intention, the desire to communicate something to the addressee and thereby influence
him in a certain way. In a speech act of address, the illocutionary force is determined by
the semantic function of address in speech, therefore, the following illocutionary speech
acts of address can be distinguished:
1) nominative (the speaker’s intention is to name the addressee of speech);
2)vocative (intention
–
to attract the attention of the addressee);
3) social-regulatory or etiquette (intention
–
to reflect the status-role relationship
of communicants and politely format speech);
4) evaluative-characterizing (intention
–
to characterize the addressee and express
the speaker’s attitude towards him);
5) deictic (intention
–
point to the addressee).
Each of these illocutionary acts of address is aimed at a specific perlocutionary
effect; vocative
–
at the attention of the addressee, social-regulatory
–
at the formation of
a presupposition in the addressee about the status-role relationship of the
communicators, about the speaker's recognition or non-recognition of this relationship,
evaluative
–
at the formation of a presupposition in the addressee about the speaker's
attitude towards him and his own self-esteem, deictic
–
at indicating to the addressee
that he is the recipient of the message. Obviously, the nominative act of address has a
similar perlocutionary effect. The identifying function of an address does not constitute a
separate illocutionary act, since it is invariant for all addresses and serves as the main
criterion for distinguishing them from other units. On the basis of the speaker's
presupposition, a locutionary act of address is constructed, which is given a certain
illocutionary force expressed in the propositional content of the utterance.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue
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2
№
4 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
99
CONCLUSION
A speech act is not an isolated unit: it always functions as part of a discourse. The
appeal is always purposeful and correlated with a specific social situation. Discourse is
conducted by individuals. The choice of the form of address and the implementation of a
certain speech strategy to achieve one's intentions depend on the individual. As an
element of discourse, address is directly related to the topic, register, principles of
dialogue, politeness, irony and other parameters of discourse. These characteristics of
the use of address are currently not described, which makes it possible to select the
address as an object of scientific research.
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