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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NATIVE AND BORROWED LAYERS IN ENGLISH
AND UZBEK LEXICAL SYSTEMS BASED ON LEARNER'S EXPLANATORY
DICTIONARIES
Tosheva Dilbar Muzaffar kizi
Independent Researcher, PhD Candidate, Karshi State University
Annotation:
This article presents a comparative analysis of the native (indigenous) and
borrowed (foreign origin) lexical layers in the lexical systems of English and Uzbek languages,
based on explanatory learner’s dictionaries. The dictionaries selected as research material
systematically analyze the origin, meaning, and structure of both native and borrowed lexical
elements in the vocabulary of the two languages. The findings provide an in-depth
understanding of the similarities and differences in the lexical structures of English and Uzbek.
Additionally, the study highlights the cultural and historical significance of these lexical layers
and their role in the development of language. The comparative analysis of these layers is of
great importance for linguistic theory and language education. The study examines the features
of native and borrowed lexical components based on learner’s explanatory dictionaries of
English and Uzbek.
Keywords:
lexical system, native layer, borrowed layer, explanatory learner’s dictionaries,
comparative study, lexical analysis, comparative linguistics, cultural influence.
Annotatsiya:
Ushbu maqola ingliz va oʻzbek tillarining leksik tizimlarida mavjud boʻlgan oʻz
(milliy) va oʻzlashgan (xorijiy kelib chiqishga ega) leksik qatlamlarning oʻquv izohli lugʻatlar
asosida qiyosiy tahlilini oʻz ichiga oladi. Tadqiqot materiali sifatida tanlangan lugʻatlar ikki
tilning soʻz boyligi tarkibidagi milliy va oʻzlashgan elementlarning kelib chiqishi, ma’nosi,
strukturasiga oid ma’lumotlar tizimli ravishda tahlil qilindi. Natijalar ingliz va oʻzbek tillarining
leksik tuzilishidagi oʻxshashlik va farqlarga oid chuqur tasavvur beradi. Shuningdek, leksik
qatlamlarning madaniy va tarixiy kontekstdagi oʻrni hamda til rivojlanishidagi roli yoritildi.
Ushbu qatlamlarning qiyosiy tahlili tilshunoslik nazariyasi va til ta’limi uchun muhimdir.
Tadqiqotda ingliz va oʻzbek tillarining oʻquv izohli lugʻatlari asosida oʻz va oʻzlashgan
qatlamlarning xususiyatlari oʻrganildi.
Kalit soʻzlar:
leksik tizim, oʻz qatlam, oʻzlashgan qatlam, oʻquv izohli lugʻatlar, qiyosiy tadqiq,
leksik tahlil, solishtirma lingvistika, madaniy ta’sir
.
Аннотация:
В данной статье представлен сравнительный анализ исконного (т.е.
коренного) и заимствованного (иностранного по происхождению) лексических пластов в
лексических системах английского и узбекского языков на основе толковых словарей для
изучающих язык. В качестве исследовательского материала были выбраны словари,
которые систематически анализируют происхождение, значение и структуру как
исконных, так и заимствованных лексических единиц в лексиконе двух языков.
Полученные результаты способствуют глубокому пониманию сходств и различий в
лексических структурах английского и узбекского языков. Кроме того, в исследовании
подчёркивается культурное и историческое значение этих лексических пластов, а также
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их роль в развитии языка. Сравнительный анализ данных лексических элементов имеет
важное значение как для лингвистической теории, так и для преподавания языка. В
статье рассматриваются особенности исконных и заимствованных компонентов лексики
на основе толковых словарей для изучающих английский и узбекский языки.
Ключевые слова:
лексическая система, исконный пласт, заимствованный пласт,
толковые словари для изучающих язык, сравнительное исследование, лексический
анализ, сопоставительная лингвистика, культурное влияние
Introduction
Lexicon is one of the most essential components of any language, representing a collection
of words that reflect the cultural, historical, and social aspects of the language. In linguistics,
the distinct lexical layers—especially native and borrowed elements—serve as crucial research
objects for understanding the development, interaction, and internal structure of a language.
Despite having evolved under different historical and cultural conditions, both English and
Uzbek languages possess native and borrowed lexical layers, which constitute the core of their
vocabularies.
In the field of linguistics, the lexical system is a fundamental area that studies the set of
words in a language and their interrelationships. In particular, the native and borrowed lexical
layers are of great academic interest as they reflect cultural, historical, and social processes
within the language. In the lexical systems of English and Uzbek, native (indigenous) and
borrowed (foreign-origin) elements play a significant role in language development, cross-
linguistic influence, and the formation of lexical richness.
The subject of this study is the lexical and semantic characteristics of native and borrowed
layers in the lexical systems of English and Uzbek, as well as the interrelations between them.
The object of the research comprises the explanatory learner’s dictionaries of both languages,
which serve as reliable sources for the practical comparative analysis of their lexicons.
The main aim of this research is to conduct a comparative analysis of native and borrowed
lexical layers in English and Uzbek based on learner’s explanatory dictionaries, in order to
identify their structural, etymological, and functional features. To achieve this goal, the
following objectives have been set:
1. To identify and classify native and borrowed lexical layers based on explanatory
learner’s dictionaries of English and Uzbek;
2. To study the origin, semantic, and functional characteristics of these lexical layers;
3. To conduct a comparative analysis of similarities and differences in the lexical systems
of both languages;
4. To determine the applicability of the research findings to language education and
linguistic studies.
The novelty of this study lies in its comparative analysis of lexical layers using
explanatory learner’s dictionaries of two languages—English and Uzbek. Unlike previous
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studies, this research introduces a scholarly approach based on dictionaries widely used in the
educational process. At the same time, it offers a new perspective on examining the cultural and
historical influences within the native and borrowed layers of both English and Uzbek.
The relevance of this research is grounded in its contribution to the fields of linguistics and
language education by enabling a deeper understanding of lexical systems. It lays the
foundation for the development of more effective dictionaries and the creation of meaningful
instructional materials in the learning process. Moreover, in the context of globalization where
cross-linguistic influence is increasing, the comparative analysis of lexical layers holds
significant theoretical and practical value in exploring the dynamics of language development.
Literature Review
One of the key sources in studying the lexical system of the English language is David
Crystal’s The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (2003). This work provides an
in-depth overview of the lexical layers of English, including both native and borrowed word
groups, and extensively analyzes the historical development of the language as well as the
process of lexical borrowing from other languages. Additionally, the Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary (Hornby, 2015) is widely accepted as a primary explanatory dictionary for
examining the modern English lexicon and is frequently employed in academic research. In
analyzing the lexical layers of the Uzbek language, Zohidov’s History of the Uzbek Language
(2007) serves as a significant resource for tracing lexical changes throughout the language’s
history. Likewise, Mirzayev’s Uzbek Linguistics (2014) is extensively used to analyze both
native and borrowed layers in the Uzbek lexical system. Furthermore, the Explanatory
Dictionary of the Uzbek Language (2010) functions as a practical tool for studying lexical
materials. In the field of comparative linguistics, Mardonov’s Comparative Linguistics of the
English and Uzbek Languages (2018) holds particular importance. The book provides an
analysis of the lexical corpora of both languages, highlighting their similarities and differences
within cultural contexts. To deepen the comparative analysis based on dictionaries, the
scientific compendium titled Methodology of Explanatory Dictionaries (2016), published by the
Institute of Linguistics, has also been reviewed. This source outlines the theoretical foundations
for the effective use of dictionaries in linguistic research.
Overall, the aforementioned literature provides a solid theoretical and practical foundation
for studying the lexical systems of English and Uzbek, with particular emphasis on native and
borrowed lexical layers.
Research Methodology
As this study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of native and borrowed lexical layers
in the lexical systems of English and Uzbek based on explanatory learner’s dictionaries,
qualitative analytical methods were selected as the primary methodological approach. The
fundamental principle of the methodology is the systematic and comparative study of the origin,
semantic features, and functional usage of lexical units through dictionary-based materials.
The following core methods were employed in the research process:
1. Corpus Analysis Method:
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Lexical units from selected English and Uzbek explanatory learner’s dictionaries were
collected and categorized into native and borrowed layers. The origin, semantic scope, and
usage features of each word were recorded based on the dictionary entries.
2. Comparative Linguistic Method:
To identify linguistic similarities and differences between the native and borrowed layers
of English and Uzbek, the dictionary materials were comparatively analyzed. This approach, a
traditional one in linguistics, facilitates a deeper understanding of lexical properties through
cross-linguistic comparison.
3. Dictionary Analysis:
Dictionaries were used as scientific sources, and their definitions, etymological
information, and synonym groups were analyzed. This method is essential for exploring the
linguistic and cultural context of lexical units.
4. Classification and Coding of Data:
The collected data were divided into native and borrowed layers, and semantic as well as
functional characteristics specific to each layer were identified. In this process, etymological
and contextual distinctions of the words were taken into account.
Analytical and synthetic methods were also widely applied. The analytical method allowed
for the in-depth study of individual lexical items, while the synthetic method enabled the
identification of structural and functional characteristics of the overall lexical layers.
Furthermore, an interdisciplinary approach was emphasized. Through the integration of
linguistics, cultural studies, and history, the role of lexical layers in language and society was
better defined.
The main sources used in the study include:
The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary and other modern explanatory dictionaries for
English;
The Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language and national linguistic publications
for Uzbek;
Previously published academic articles and monographs.
As a result, the applied methodology provided a comprehensive and reliable approach to
comparing the lexical layers of English and Uzbek, enabling the derivation of novel scientific
conclusions.
Research Results
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During the study, the native and borrowed lexical layers in the lexical systems of English
and Uzbek were systematically analyzed based on explanatory learner’s dictionaries. The
results contributed significantly to understanding the lexical, semantic, and cultural features of
these layers.
First, dictionary analysis revealed that native (indigenous) vocabulary constitutes the core
lexical base in both English and Uzbek. In English, this layer largely consists of long-
established, traditional words that express the fundamental meanings of the language. In Uzbek,
the native layer is distinctly represented by words originating from ancient usage and oral
folklore. This layer plays a crucial role in preserving the linguistic identity of both languages.
Second, the influence and functional role of borrowed vocabulary show considerable
differences between the two languages. In English, a large proportion of borrowed words
originate from Latin, French, and Greek. In contrast, the borrowed layer in Uzbek primarily
consists of lexical units adopted from Persian, Arabic, and Russian. These borrowed elements
enrich the vocabulary and play an important role in shaping modern lexicon in both languages.
Third, semantic analysis showed that native vocabulary typically conveys traditional and
culturally specific concepts, while borrowed vocabulary is more often associated with universal
notions in fields such as science, technology, politics, and culture. This distinction reflects the
functional distribution of vocabulary in the lexical systems of both languages.
Fourth, the analysis of explanatory learner’s dictionary materials demonstrated that
detailed information about word origins, clear definitions, and contextual usage provided a
strong empirical foundation for comparative study. These dictionaries enabled simultaneous
investigation of the etymological, semantic, and pragmatic aspects of lexical units.
The results of the study revealed that there is a deep connection between the native and
borrowed layers in the lexical systems of English and Uzbek, not only in terms of lexical
composition but also from cultural and historical perspectives. This connection helps to better
understand the interaction between national and foreign elements in the development of a
language and provides insights into essential linguistic processes.
Discussion
The research findings clarified the interrelation of native and borrowed lexical layers in
English and Uzbek, as well as their significance within the structural framework of the
languages. The linguistic and cultural analysis of these layers demonstrated the close
relationship between lexical composition, paths of lexical development, and cultural context in
both languages.
Firstly, the fact that the native lexical layer forms the core vocabulary in both English and
Uzbek underscores its importance in preserving linguistic identity. The native vocabulary in
English, formed over centuries of historical development, actively functions as the foundation
of the language’s cultural identity. In Uzbek, this layer has developed mainly through folk
traditions and oral heritage, strongly contributing to the language’s national character. This
difference can be attributed to the distinct historical and cultural roots of the two languages.
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Secondly, the sources of lexical borrowing and their functions within the lexical system
differ for each language. In English, most borrowed words originate from Latin, French, and
Greek, and are widely used in scientific and technical contexts, expanding the language's
capabilities as a global medium of communication. In contrast, Uzbek has adopted a significant
number of words from Persian, Arabic, and Russian, not only enriching its vocabulary but also
reflecting historical developments and cultural exchanges. Moreover, the cultural integration of
borrowed vocabulary in Uzbek is comparatively deeper than in English, indicating a more
extensive historical interaction.
Thirdly, analysis of semantic domains and contextual usage in the dictionaries revealed
notable differences. Native vocabulary tends to reflect traditional, cultural, and national
concepts, while borrowed words generally relate to universal fields such as science, technology,
and politics. This distribution highlights the functional division of meanings and illustrates the
dynamic nature of lexical systems in both languages. From the perspective of language
education, the study of native and borrowed lexical layers helps language learners deepen their
lexical knowledge and enhances understanding of the cultural and historical context.
Consequently, the findings can support the development of more effective pedagogical
approaches in language instruction.
Conclusion
The primary aim of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of native and
borrowed lexical layers in the English and Uzbek lexical systems using explanatory learner’s
dictionaries. The findings confirmed that the native lexical layer constitutes the core of the
lexicon in both languages and plays a vital role in maintaining linguistic identity. Formed over
long periods of historical development, this layer reflects national culture and traditions and
serves as a foundation for cultural identity and linguistic stability.
The borrowed layer, while functionally distinct in each language, also plays a significant
role in lexical development. In English, it predominantly covers universal concepts related to
science, technology, and culture, whereas in Uzbek, borrowed vocabulary emerged through
various stages of historical and cultural exchange, contributing to the diversification of the
lexicon. Moreover, the cultural and historical integration of borrowed elements is deeper in
Uzbek than in English, highlighting the unique path of its linguistic evolution. Explanatory
learner’s dictionaries, as the primary data sources, enhanced both the scientific and practical
value of the study. Through dictionary-based analysis, the etymological, semantic, and
pragmatic aspects of lexical items were thoroughly examined, offering a clearer understanding
of the differences and similarities in the lexical systems of the two languages. This approach
also demonstrated the effectiveness of dictionaries as tools for scientific linguistic research. The
results hold significant implications for language education as well. A deeper understanding of
the lexical layers in English and Uzbek enables learners to grasp the cultural and linguistic
contexts of each language more effectively, providing a solid foundation for systematic lexical
acquisition.
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