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Pages:
21-27
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I
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(2021:
5.
705
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(2022:
5.
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ABSTRACT
The aim of this article is to inform about problems on the process of translating non-equivalent lexis as well shed a
light on them. The expression of national identity is primarily associated with vocabulary. Such vocabulary becomes
an object of study in linguistics, since its semantization involves entering the cultural and historical context, and
acquaintance with the environment (natural and material) must be carried out.
KEYWORDS
Non-equivalent vocabulary, prototype, lacunae, realities, lexicon, connotative meaning.
INTRODUCTION
Non-equivalent vocabulary should be distinguished
from vocabulary that corresponds to another language
at the conceptual level, but differs at the prototype
level. Prototype is a representative (religious, sacred,
standard) version of the most famous invariant
structural object, which has the greatest specificity
(intervention of specific features of this object),
artificial variants, characterized by a high degree of
constancy of impact and appearance. Conceptual
universals related to the universal sign of knowledge
can have different prototypes, that is, in each language
(including in the collective linguistic consciousness), in
accordance with the universal concept, their own
personal, nationally specific image of the concept is
given, other native speakers cannot even think about
it. Living in a certain material environment, a person
often forgets or does not know: “The landscape is
different everywhere. Everywhere people are
Research Article
PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATING NON-EQUIVALENT LEXICS
Submission Date:
November 01, 2022,
Accepted Date:
November 05, 2022,
Published Date:
November 19, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume02Issue11-04
Ismoilova Marxabo Abduraximovna
Eps Teacher, English Language Department Bukhara State Medical Institute Named After Abu Ali Ibn Sino,
Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
22
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
21-27
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
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Publisher:
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unfamiliar with the sea or snow, the soil is not
everywhere brown (in many places it can be more red,
yellow or black) and even the grass depends on the
amount of moisture in it and its location in the sun (for
example, in Australia, a grassy area is more yellow or
brown than green)"
Each language has a sufficient number of words that
are not clearly pronounced in other languages. This is
the so-called non-equivalent vocabulary, which is
revealed when comparing two cultures. It basically
represents specific events of this national culture.
When equated, non-equivalent words are called
exoticisms; they not only represent a foreign culture,
form and interpret its components, but also symbolize
it. For example, sakura, ikebana - symbols of Japanese
culture; bases, kuren, maidan - the words of the life of
the Don Cossacks and so on. As mentioned earlier, non-
equivalent vocabulary is usually a lexical unit that does
not have a lexical equivalent due to the lack of relevant
realities (objects, events) in the social practice of their
owners or the absence of lexical units representing
relevant concepts.
Usually, the following groups of non-equivalent
vocabulary are distinguished:
Words denoting the realities of Russian culture:
•
sovietisms (district council, collective farm,
state farm, five-year plan, udamik, agitpunkt,
etc.), new words of life ( xudojestvennaya
samodeyatelnost,
profilaktoriy,
klub,
subbotnik, pioner, komsomolets ).
•
Traditional household phenomena and objects
(rassolnik,
okroshka,
bublik;
baranka,
sorochka, perednik, valenki; varejki, gorodki,
jmurki,
xorovod,
chastushka;
balalayka,
garmon; podvoda, popona).
•
Historicisms (arshin, versta, pud, funt; kaflan,
armyak; volost, uezd).
•
Vocabulary that forms the components of
phraseological units (Ni zgi ne vidno -
You can’t
see it; Popast vprosak - Get into a mess.; Uznat
vsu podnogotnuyu - Know all the ins and outs).
•
Folklore words (sujeno'y, Snegurochka, Baba-
Yaga, domovoy, leshiy etc.).
•
Words borrowed from the languages of the
peoples of our country (tyubeteyka, xalat,
papaxa, kubanka, piala, saksaul, parubok,
getman, chadra, etc.).
For foreigners studying Russian, the above words
seem doubly unequal.
The inequality is figuratively connected with the so-
called lacunae, that is, with omitted concepts that are
not in the language landscape of the language. There
are the following types of lacunae associated with
various extra linguistic factors:
•
subjective, or national-psychological lacunae
(national-psychological
characteristics
of
the
participants in the conversation);
•
activity-communicative gaps (the specifics of
different types of activities characteristic of the two
compared cultures);
•
gaps in cultural space (incompatibility of the
existing "cultural space" with communicators);
Words that are not equivalent to the absence of the
corresponding object or event in another culture are
called realities. Russian realities, such as the Baronya,
kamarinskaya, gusli, balalayka, skomorox, Petrushka;
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
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VOLUME
02
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Pages:
21-27
SJIF
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(2021:
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705
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5.
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)
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–
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pirog, xi, kalach, karavay, med, kvas; rubl, kopeyka,
grivennik, poltinnik have a bright national flavor. Rich
historical flavor in the realities representing the types
of:
1.
human activity (paxar, pryaxa, gorodovoy,
ataman, burlak, korobeynik);
2.
administrative-territorial
units
(gubeniya,
imenie, volost, uezd), weapons (shlem, kolchuga,
kopyo, mech);
3.
social groups (tsar, boyarin, barin, chelyad,
dvomya);
4.
measurements of weight and length (arshin,
versta, sajen, zolotnik, pud, hint), etc.
Does the lexical tag of the word match in different
languages? 0 on the basis of z ``Yes``. They write, read,
discuss, etc. in all countries. Books are full of science,
art, novels, stories. But the concept of "pocket book"
is known only in the UK. We do not have them.
Although small books are published in our country,
they are called differently. Books are relatively cheap
and we publish a lot (especially textbooks). All this
creates a unique image of the book in our country and
in other cultures.
Words such as school, book, and home, which are
lexically compatible and therefore easily translated
into other languages, are distinguished by their lexical
tags. Such words make up the majority of the
language. As mentioned earlier, only the terms are
semantically correct. Connotative lexicon is an
additional, usually emotionally-expressive or symbolic
(Latin number - so, notation - sign, sign, gesture), ie
words with additional meaning. This group of words is
characterized by a bright national and cultural identity,
because a single word can have different connotative
and symbolic meanings in different languages. Here is
an example from V.A. Maslova's ``Linguoculturology``
textbook:
“In the second nomination, each nation has its own
figurative-associative
mechanisms
for
re-
understanding the original meanings. For example, in
Russian, the subject is associated with negative views,
as well as loyalty, contentment (humility) through
association, and this is reflected in sobachya vernost,
sobachya predannost, sobachya jizn and other
phraseologies; In Kyrgyz, a dog is an insulting word,
close in meaning to a Russian pig.
The word "pig" in Russian is:
a) a symbol of disgust; b) arrogance; c) rudeness; for
the English, pig means pig; for the Kyrgyz, Kazakhs,
Uzbeks, and other Muslim peoples, it is given a
religious connotation, and as a result, the pig becomes
a rude insult; and in the Vietnamese worldview, the pig
is a symbol of stupidity. Thus, the words "dog" and
"pig" mean different things in different nations, which
indicates the uniqueness of the way of thinking that
influences the formation of the worldview of these
peoples. "
From the given examples it can be seen that for each
language and culture it is characteristic for the
formation of specific additional meanings
-
connotations, although many connotative adverbs are
consistent: rabbit coward, the fox is cunning, the
rooster is warlike, the donkey is stubborn, and so on.
The content of cultural connotations often requires
components of symbolic reading phrases. For
example, in phraseological units, "blood" comes :
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
24
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(ISSN
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2771-2834)
VOLUME
02
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SSUE
11
Pages:
21-27
SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
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(2022:
5.
705
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OCLC
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-
as a symbol of vitality - pit krov (to drink blood,
suck blood, torture, crush, torment), do posledney
kapli krovi (until a drop of blood remains, until the last
breath);
-
as a symbol of kinship: rodnaya krov (a relative,
blood-relative);
-
(two faces) like a crimson apple (like a
pomegranate);
-
as a symbol of sacrifice - prolit chyu-to krov ( to
kill someone, to shed someone's blood, to injure);
-
as a symbol of health - krov s molokom (two
faces crimson like a pomegranate);
-
as a symbol of strong emotions - krov brosalas
v golovu (his blood boiled, his soul came to his knees).
Connotative terms are found in associative
dictionaries.
Associative experiment: We will conduct an associative
experiment. We will say the word. What is the first
word that comes to mind when you hear it? Here are
some encouraging reasons: white - snow; cow- milk;
school - study, etc. You can come up with not just one
word, but all the words associated with the spoken
word in your mind: cow - milk, village, sour cream, hay,
straw, calf, milk, horn, etc. All the mentioned words
form the associative space of this word- stimulus,
motivational speech.
Associative experiments show that words live in our
minds not unconnected, but closely related to their
form,
meaning,
function,
etc.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, vocabulary has a major role to play in the
manifestation of national identity. Since its
semantization necessitates stepping into the cultural
and historical context and gaining familiarity with the
environment (natural and material), this lexicon
becomes a subject of study in linguistics. It's important
to differentiate between non-equivalent vocabulary
and vocabulary that, although having conceptual
similarities to another language, varies from it in terms
of prototypes.
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