Том 1 № 2 (2025): International journal of medical sciences

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over time. This article discusses the causes, symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches for CKD.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in industrialized countries. High-quality and accurate diagnostics, including cardiac and vascular imaging, are of great importance for adequate assessment, treatment, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Intravenous or intra-arterial administration of radiocontrast agents (or simply contrast agents) allows for precise determination of the vascular anatomy, the nature and localization of lesions in them, and assessment of the blood supply to various organs and tissues. Without such information, modern treatment would be simply impossible. Selective angiography and computed tomography with the introduction of contrast agents (CA) are used everywhere in practical medicine. Therefore, safety issues of examination or intervention using CA are of great importance. Despite significant progress in the development of CA, they have a number of adverse effects, including nephrotoxicity. Prevention of the nephrotoxic effect of CA, the so-called contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), remains a pressing issue, since It is known that CIN is often a harbinger of chronic renal failure, which worsens the prognosis (McCullough, P. A. et al. 1997, Rihal, C. S. et al. 2002). Active use of X-ray computed tomography with intravenous administration of KB at the diagnostic stage increases not only the total radiation load, but also nephrotoxicity. Endovascular interventions, in which the risk of developing CIN is increased, are increasingly carried out in severely ill older patients with multifocal atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, etc. The interventions themselves are becoming more complex, often multi-stage, with the use of a large volume of KB. The dissertation is devoted to a topical issue - the prevention of CIN in patients who undergo endovascular interventions on the coronary and peripheral arteries. 

Cesarean section is one of the leading methods of delivery, with a global trend toward increasing frequency. According to statistical data, 15.2% to 42% of all deliveries are performed via cesarean section [1]. One of the significant complications following cesarean section is uterine scar insufficiency, which is particularly important when planning subsequent pregnancies. The risk of scar rupture, accompanied by life-threatening hemorrhage, ranges from 0.62% to 9% [2].

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the topographic anatomy of theliver, gallbladder, and bile ducts. It focuses on the location, structural division, blood and nerve supply, as well as the interrelationships and clinical significance of these organs. The research findings serve to improve surgical and radiologic diagnostic procedures.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in incorporating medicinal plants into dental care to address various oral health issues. This abstract explores the application and significance of medicinal plants in dentistry, emphasizing their benefits as natural, safe, and effective alternatives to synthetic treatments. The discussion includes the use of medicinal plants in managing dental conditions such as gum diseases, toothache, oral ulcers, and bad breath. Specific plants like clove, neem, aloe vera, and green tea are highlighted for their anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and analgesic properties, which contribute to promoting oral health and preventing diseases. The role of these plants in post-surgical healing and pain management is also addressed. Safety is a key focus, with an emphasis on understanding proper dosages and addressing potential side effects under professional guidance. The abstract underscores the importance of integrating medicinal plants into a holistic oral care approach that combines physical health with lifestyle modifications.  The significance of these plants in traditional medicine and their preventative role in dental care is examined. Additionally, the potential risks of using unregulated herbal products are discussed, emphasizing the need for high-quality, well-researched formulations and professional oversight.  

 To identify the antiphlogistic activity of CelAgrip on the model of aseptic inflammation induced by dextran, a study was conducted on growing animals of the prepubertal period. It was found that CelAgrip has a distinct anti-inflammatory effect on the model of acute inflammation induced by dextran. In its pharmacological activity, CelAgrip is slightly superior to the well-known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug - Ibuprofen.

From 2020 to 2024, transurethral resection of the prostate was performed in 124 men with benign prostatic hyperplasia, the average age of patients was 67.8 ± 6.1 years. The volume of adenoma before surgery was 94.25 ± 2.83 ml3. The overall complication rate was 19.4%. Additional interventions after adenoma removal were performed in 4 (3.2%) men due to bleeding from the prostate bed (vascular coagulation) and bladder neck sclerosis (transurethral resection).

An analysis was conducted on the treatment outcomes of 46 patients from January 2021 to August 2023 who developed urethrocutaneous fistulas following hypospadias repair. In 25 patients (54.3%) with fistula sizes less than 10 mm, closure was performed using local penile tissues and the tunica vaginalis of the testis. In 21 patients (43.8%) with fistulas larger than 10 mm, scrotal skin was used to close the penile skin defect. During a three-month follow-up period, no recurrence of urethrocutaneous fistulas was observed in any case.

The study of medicinal plants and their properties is an important area in pharmacology and medicine. Traditional medicine has used plant materials for centuries to treat various diseases. Scientific research confirms the effectiveness of many such plants, making them promising for further study and drug development. Modern pharmacognosy methods, such as chromatographic analysis, molecular biology, and bioinformatics, allow for a deeper investigation of the active compounds in plants and their mechanisms of action on the body. This article reviews the most popular medicinal plants, their pharmacological properties, and the results of scientific research confirming their efficacy.

This article examines the issues of differential diagnosis of aphthous stomatitis and epidemic stomatitis. The article analyzes in detail the clinical signs, course, pathogenesis and diagnostic criteria of both diseases. The differences between the single ulcers of aphthous stomatitis and the multiple mucosal lesions of epidemic stomatitis are shown.

This article presents the development of a method for determining mephedrone and methamphetamine using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Research was conducted to develop an HPLC method for analyzing mephedrone and methamphetamine, which are included in the list of prohibited narcotic substances in the Republic of Uzbekistan. A method for extracting and identifying mephedrone and methamphetamine from physical evidence was developed. The linearity of the method was determined.

Under the selected analytical conditions of the HPLC method, the retention time of mephedrone was determined to be 5.158 minutes, while the retention time of methamphetamine was 4.320 minutes. This analytical method was confirmed to be specific for mephedrone and methamphetamine.

Lidocaine (Lidocaine) is a local anesthetic agent of amide type, widely used in medical practice for local, regional and conduction anesthesia, as well as for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. A wide range of lidocaine-based drugs including different dosage forms, manufacturers and pharmacological characteristics are registered in Uzbekistan. The aim of this article is to analyze the pharmacological properties and registered forms of lidocaine in Uzbekistan.

Diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease are among the most pressing problems of modern medicine, negatively affecting the quality of life of millions of people. While diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized primarily by elevated blood glucose levels [1], Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, mainly manifested by movement disorders [2]. Recent studies have shown that there is a correlation between these two common diseases [3, 4], which raises the need for a deeper study of their pathogenesis and treatment strategies. This thesis reviews the main features of diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease, the evidence indicating their association, and the potential mechanisms of this association.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, manifested by movement disorders and symptoms of immobility. The relevance of the disease is determined by its prevalence, disability, and high socio-economic burden. The main pathophysiological mechanism of PD is the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which leads to dopamine deficiency in the striatum. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the mechanisms of development of PD and modern methods of correction.

Migraine is one of the most well-known and widespread neurological diseases, occurring in the adult population with an average frequency of 12% [Lipton, 2001]. Chronic migraine (CM), being a well-known clinical problem, was identified as a separate form of headache only in 2004 in the International Classification of Headache Disorders, Second Revision. Chronic migraine is classified as a complication of migraine. Migraine, while not a fatal disease, significantly reduces the quality of life of patients [Osipova, 2003]. The World Health Organization has included migraine in the group of the most maladaptive chronic diseases. The financial and economic costs associated with temporary disability, as well as with the diagnosis and treatment of migraine, are enormous and comparable to the costs of cardiovascular diseases [Stovner et al., 2007; Burton et al., 2009].

 Dizziness is a common complaint among patients of different ages. Up to 5-10% of patients who visit a general practitioner and up to 10-20% of patients who visit a neurologist complain of dizziness (Brandt T., 2000). According to epidemiological data, 20-30% of people experience dizziness at least once in their life; dizziness occurs annually in 4.9% of people (Neuhauser H., 2005). In terms of the population of the Russian Federation, vestibular dizziness develops annually in more than 7,000,000 people.

Contact and remote lithotripsy for urolithiasis of various localizations is a promising alternative to traditional “open” operations in children of all age groups. Provided that the children’s hospital has adequate technical equipment, world standards for the treatment of urolithiasis, adopted in adult practice, can be effectively used in pediatric urology.

The article presents theoretical information about gynecomastia – enlargement of the mammary glands in men. It also presents our own observation data of 22 teenage boys, including 20 with pubertal gynecomastia and two young men with pathological gynecomastia.

The epididymis is part of the genitourinary tract that includes the testes, the vas deferens, the prostate, the urethra, and the bladder. Epididymitis is an infection or inflammation of the epididymis, the tubular structure located on the posterior and superior aspect of the testis where sperms mature prior to ejaculation. Because of its proximity to the testis, any infectious or inflammatory process affecting the epididymis may spread to the testis itself, a condition known as epididymo-orchitis. Начало формы

 The pharmacoresistant form of epilepsy (FRE) is a type of epilepsy that does not respond to traditional anti-epileptic drugs (TEA), and its correct and early diagnosis is important for improving the quality of life of patients and the treatment strategy. This article analyzes the importance of biochemical studies in the diagnosis of FRE. Biochemical parameters such as blood metabolites, neurotransmitters, antioxidant system indicators, and inflammatory markers can play an important role in the development and pathogenesis of pharmacoresistance. It was also noted that some biomarkers (glutamate, GABA, cytokines, indicators of oxidative stress) help to differentiate FRE from traditional forms of epilepsy. The results of the study show that biochemical studies in combination with clinical and neurophysiological tests allow for early detection of the pharmacoresistant form of epilepsy and individualization of treatment tactics.

The proportion of children with chronic adenotonsillitis varies 20-50%, and among frequently ill children these diseases are 37-70%. This indicates an increase in hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsil, an increase in the frequency of adenoid pathology in children, which adversely affects the structural formation of the jaw complex. It has been revealed that the influence of a long-term course of diseases in children leads to a violation of the formation of the facial skeleton, which is reflected in the form of a sagging lower jaw.  the formation of its narrow and distant, improper development of the hard palate and occlusion. In the development of dentoalveolar anomalies at the age of 8-10 years, a significant role is played by diseases of the ENT organs, in particular, the proliferation of adenoids.

In recent years, the problem of CHD has acquired not only an important medical, but also a social significance due to an increase in morbidity, high mortality, and disability of various ages [1]. At present, the world is actively discussing the issue of gender features of the course of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which is relevant for the development of a differentiated approach to the treatment of cardiac pathology in men and women. Recent studies indicate that further study of circulatory regulation systems is necessary to understand the pathogenesis of CHD. To date, there are no differences in the approaches to the treatment of CVD in men and women in expert recommendations.

ACS covers a range of conditions that include patients with recent changes in clinical symptoms or signs, with or without changes on the electrocardiogram (ECG), and with or without a sharp increase in cardiac troponin (cTn) concentrations. ACS is associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations, including both asymptomatic patients and patients with persistent symptoms of chest pain or discomfort, as well as patients with cardiac arrest, electrical or hemodynamic instability, and cardiogenic shock [2]. Due to significant successes in the organization of medical care for patients with ST-segment elevation ACS (ST ACS), the introduction of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) into widespread practice, over the past few years, it has been possible to reduce in-hospital mortality from this pathology [3]. However, the mortality rate of patients with ACS, especially with cardiogenic shock, is still high [4, 5]. Moreover, most of the deaths occur in the early stages of the onset of ACS, i.e., in the first 24 hours of the patient's hospitalization [3]. For this reason, when ST-elevation ACS or non-ST-elevation ACS (ST-elevation) develops, the physician needs a "tool" to predict the risk of death, in order to make quick decisions and optimize patient management. To date, such a "tool" for assessing the risk of an adverse outcome in patients is scales based on multivariate analysis, the strength and significance of which are confirmed by ROC analysis [4]. Currently, there are many scales and methods for assessing the risk of death (GRACE, TIMI, PURSUIT, EuroSCORE II, RECORD), however, they mainly take into account well-known "classical" risk factors [8, 9]. However, when analyzing the research data, it should be noted that the search for universal predictors for assessing the risk of in-hospital mortality continues, combining a number of criteria: ease of use, taking into account the impact of comorbidity, as well as the results of laboratory and instrumental research methods [5]. That is why the establishment of a set of prognostic factors can help optimize risk stratification and accurately assess the probability of death at the hospital stage.

This article is devoted to the study of the most important organ in the human body - the heart, the study of its development, structure, topography, innervation, functions, modern research methods. The relevance of the study is explained by the high incidence of cardiovascular diseases in people. In addition, indications, contraindications, the technique of performing a heart transplant operation and complications after it are given.

This article is devoted to the use of osteoplastic materials for the prevention of bone tissue atrophy after tooth extraction surgery and the assessment of their effectiveness, as well as the determination of optimal conditions for their use. The study showed that the use of these materials allows preventing physiological bone tissue resorption under optimal conditions.

This review examines the critical role microorganisms play in maintaining ecosystem stability. Drawing from literature across multiple disciplines, this paper synthesizes current understanding of how microbial communities contribute to nutrient cycling, soil formation, plant growth, and ecosystem resilience. The analysis reveals that microorganisms serve as foundational components of ecological networks, facilitating energy flow and material cycling while providing buffering capacity against environmental perturbations. The findings highlight the need for incorporating microbial ecology into conservation strategies and ecosystem management practices to address emerging environmental challenges.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a widespread pathogen that can establish persistent infection and periodically reactivate, especially in immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study is to comprehensively study the mechanisms that ensure the stability of CMV in the body and provoke its reactivation. Using an integrated approach, including cellular models, clinical samples and molecular biological methods, we analyzed the immune and viral factors that contribute to the establishment of latent infection and its reactivation. The results demonstrate that CMV persistence is associated with the interaction of viral factors affecting the host immune response and changes in the signaling pathways of immune system cells. The paper presents the results of three key experiments, summarized in tables, reflecting the dynamics of gene expression, cytokines and changes in cellular composition during the infectious process. These studies can form the basis for the development of new strategies for the treatment and prevention of CMV reactivation, especially in groups of patients with weakened immune defense.

This scientific study examines the effect of gastrectomy on the lymphatic system of the small intestine in terms of fat absorption. The authors conducted a lifetime study of the lymphatic vessels in 34 dogs using the method of biological injection. It was established that under normal conditions, fat absorption occurs predominantly in the duodenum and the initial sections of the small intestine. However, after gastrectomy, this absorption is disrupted and shifts to the terminal sections of the small intestine and, in some cases, even to the large intestine.

A particularly pronounced displacement of the process was observed after operations involving the Polya–Reichel gastroenterostomy. Under these conditions, the lymphatic system of the large intestine acquired the ability to absorb fats — a function that is uncharacteristic under normal conditions. This indicates the high compensatory and adaptive capacity of the intestinal lymphatic system in the postoperative period.

Morphological and histochemical structural changes of the wall and its lymphatic bed were studied in 104 dogs after gastric resection, after surgery there was also an increase in the diameter of lymphatic catillaries and vessels. There are lateral dilatations and dislocations in the walls of the capillaries, new anastomoses of all the membranes are formed, for the most part they break out in the mucous membrane. Pathohistological changes in the wall of the small intestine will appear in the form of edema of the mucous membrane, vascular fullness, lymphatic infiltration and changes in the shape of the villi.

The association of congenital bronchial anomalies with congenital heart defects is linked to disruptions in embryonic development, which necessitates careful monitoring and early intervention for patients suspected of having these anomalies. Pathophysiological processes can significantly vary depending on the type of anomaly, its severity, and the involvement of other organs. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct thorough examinations of patients with suspected congenital bronchial anomalies to identify any accompanying disorders early and prevent life-threatening risks.

 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a modern, highly informative method for diagnosing nodular lesions in the mammary gland. This method is especially effective in cases where mammography and ultrasound do not provide unambiguous results. MRI allows one to differentiate benign and malignant tumors, assess tissue changes, and detect tumors at early stages. The article discusses the main advantages of MRI, its operating principles, indications for use, as well as limitations and possible difficulties associated with this method. Despite some shortcomings, MRI remains an important tool for diagnosing and monitoring breast diseases.

Under the influence of the environment, the transformation of the development of the organism in growth develops, which reflects physical development. The reflection of the morphometry of physical development is the indicators of anthropometry, physiognometry and data of functional activity. Height, weight and chest girth are the main anthropometric parameters of the physical development of children at certain stages of ontogenesis.

Under the influence of the environment, the transformation of the development of the organism in growth develops, which reflects physical development. The reflection of the morphometry of physical development is the indicators of anthropometry, physiognometry and data of functional activity. Height, weight and chest girth are the main anthropometric parameters of the physical development of children at certain stages of ontogenesis.

 This article examines issues related to anemia, a disease characterized by a decrease in the level of hemoglobin and red blood cells in the blood. The main causes, symptoms, diagnostic methods and modern approaches to the treatment of anemia are described. Particular attention is paid to preventive measures and the importance of a balanced diet to prevent this disease.

The article presents a scientific work on the search for the isolation of the sum of flavonoids from young leaves of the walnut family Juglans regia L. from the gardens of the Bostandyk district of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Some physicochemical properties of the isolated flavonoids were studied by qualitative and quantitative methods. In the process of considering various literary sources on the content of flavonoids in nuts, it is known that of all the variety of phenolic compounds, flavonoids prevail in walnuts, which have a wide range of biological action in medicine. Namely, young leaves have medicinal value. The results allow the development to be used for implementation in production in order to increase the effectiveness of drugs.

Determination of the titer of antibodies against nuclear antigens is important in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. This test is used to diagnose various autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and other collagenoses, by detecting antibodies produced by the body's immune system against its own tissues. The clinical laboratory plays a central role in conducting tests for autoimmune diseases. Antibody titers and their specific types are determined using methods such as immunofluorescence (IF) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results of this test allow doctors to assess the patient's prognosis, determine treatment strategies, and monitor the course of the disease. Pathophysiology, on the other hand, helps to understand the mechanisms of autoimmune diseases by studying the causes and development processes of the disease. New diagnostic and therapeutic methods are developed by studying the stages of autoimmune reactions, inflammatory processes in the body, and pathological changes caused by the immune system.

This article examines the latest innovative approaches in implantation and prosthetics within the maxillofacial region, emphasizing the integration of advanced technologies to enhance treatment effectiveness, precision, and patient satisfaction. Key developments such as digital planning, 3D printing, guided surgery, and biocompatible materials have revolutionized maxillofacial rehabilitation, offering personalized solutions for patients with congenital anomalies, trauma, or tumor resections. The study explores the advantages of immediate loading implants, customized prostheses, and the application of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) in surgical and prosthetic procedures. Furthermore, challenges such as implant osseointegration, long-term durability, and post-surgical complications are analyzed.

The skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving as a protective barrier between the internal organs and the external environment. It consists of multiple layers, with the epidermis and dermis being the most significant in terms of function. This article explores the structure of the skin, particularly the epidermis and dermis, and their critical roles in maintaining body homeostasis. The epidermis is responsible for the skin's protective functions, while the dermis houses important structures such as blood vessels, nerves, and hair follicles that play essential roles in sensation and thermoregulation. This article also discusses the processes involved in skin regeneration and the implications of skin diseases and disorders on these functions.

In this article, the results of studying C9-C17 carbon fatty acid amides as lubricating-dispersing additives for diesel fuel are presented. Additionally, the determination of lubricating-dispersing properties was carried out by sedimentation of the prepared stabilizing agent system based on colloidal graphite of the C-1 grade at a concentration of 1.0% by mass, resulting in a change in optical density. The determination of antioxidant efficiency was based on the photometric method, where, under experimental conditions, a change in optical density in the oxidation process was detected.

Almost in all the  food preparations where sweetness is required sugar (carbohydrate), is added which gradually becomes a threat to become diabetic if excessively consumed. Nowadays prime focus is to   design and develop food articles using alternative natural sugar substitute (sweetener). The present article briefly mentions the plant substitutes which are commonly used to sweeten the food specially desserts. The commonly used plant species for natural sweetness and flavour are   Stevia, cinnamon, ginger and turmeric. The various types of desserts can be prepared using all these plant species which not only provide a good taste but also add health benefits as all these plants are rich source of phytochemicals and are also medicinally acclaimed in traditional medicinal systems of world.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects women, suggesting a role of sex hormones in its pathogenesis. Hormonal therapy, particularly corticosteroids, remains a cornerstone in SLE management. Additionally, sex hormones such as estrogens and androgens have been investigated for their effects on disease activity. While estrogen is known to promote autoimmune responses, androgens may have immunosuppressive effects. This article explores the mechanisms, clinical applications, benefits, and risks of hormonal therapy in lupus. The role of corticosteroids, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), oral contraceptives, and androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is examined. A balanced approach is necessary to maximize therapeutic benefits while minimizing risks.

This article explores the role of technological advancements in enhancing students' creativity while learning about liver and biliary tract diseases. Traditional teaching methods often focus on memorization and passive learning; however, modern technologies such as virtual simulations, artificial intelligence, digital pathology, and interactive e-learning platforms foster deeper understanding and creative problem-solving skills. By utilizing these innovative approaches, medical students can engage in active learning, develop critical thinking, and improve diagnostic reasoning. The paper discusses various technological tools used in medical education and their impact on students' creativity in understanding hepatobiliary disorders.

Losing teeth is a painful circumstance for any person, especially in young age.  Dental implantation is common in the modern world, because it entirely replaces lost teeth.  This scientific article examines materials used in dental implantation technology.

 Sharp  breath of the roads infections whole world along​​ children's illness and death​​ main from the reasons one to be global​​ on a scale respirator infections from 0 to 5 years old was​​ 2 million children close to death​ reason to be​ guess Approximately 80% of these respiratory infection cases are caused by viral pathogens such as influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus A and B, parainfluenza virus types 1-3, adenovirus, rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus, and others .

This thesis explores the comparative analysis of surgical and conservative treatment methods for acute intestinal obstruction (AIO). The study emphasizes modern diagnostic technologies, preventive measures, and effective rehabilitation strategies. Key findings highlight the global impact of enhanced recovery protocols (ERAS) and the importance of integrating dietary and surgical innovations to optimize patient outcomes.

Some mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory action of Lesbohol were studied in experimental animals. It was found that cyclooxygenase inhibition does not play a decisive role in the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of Lesbohol. Removal of the adrenal glands clearly reduces the anti-inflammatory activity of Lesbohol associated with the suppression of glucocorticoid secretion. Lesbohol suppresses the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1-β and TNF-α) and increases the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). Suppression of the kinin system and a decrease in vascular permeability are important factors in the anti-inflammatory action of Lesbohol. It is believed that the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of Lesbohol is largely due to its antioxidant property.

Diarrhea is a condition characterized by frequent defecation, where the stool is loose or watery. This condition can be dangerous as it may lead to dehydration. Diarrhea can result from gastrointestinal infections, improper nutrition, stressful conditions, or drug-induced toxicity. Additionally, the underlying cause of diarrhea may include parasitic infections (helminths) or intestinal dysbiosis. It is essential to observe the frequency of defecation, stool odor (acidic, putrid), color (grayish, whitish), and the presence of blood. There are several types of bowel movement disorders, each with distinct characteristics that differentiate them from normal physiological conditions. Identifying these features is crucial for proper diagnosis and management.

In sensitized individuals, when a particular pollen allergen interacts with a related food allergen, it triggers pollen-food allergy syndrome (PFAS). While oral symptoms are the most common manifestation, some individuals may experience additional symptoms such as nasal congestion, skin reactions, respiratory issues, or even life-threatening anaphylactic shock. The development of pollen-food allergy syndrome (PFAS) involves mast cells in the oral mucosa, which are sensitized to specific pollen antigens bound to IgE. These mast cells then cross-react with food antigens, triggering a localized type I allergic response when ingesting foods containing protein antigens (panallergens) that share structural similarities with pollen antigens. The prevalence of PFAS is influenced by regional variations in pollen type and abundance. Due to the widespread presence of various pollen allergens, such as alder and grass, linked to this condition, research on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is a global endeavor. This review examines the latest findings on the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of PFAS. We also highlight crucial research gaps that must be addressed to improve patient outcomes for those affected by PFAS.

The presented article "Тhe effect of mineralodiphecite on the function of the gastrointestinal tract" is devoted to microelementosis. Trace element correction in modern practical medicine is gaining more and more supporters, convinced of the vital need to fill the deficiency of essential trace elements for the successful treatment of patients with various pathologies. A lack of minerals can have a significant impact on the function of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to pathological changes in the entire body, premature cell aging, diabetes, and carcinogenesis. It should be borne in mind that trace elements significantly affect the functioning of pro- and antioxidant systems. 

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints, leading to inflammation, pain, and eventual joint destruction. In its late stages, RA can cause severe disability, extra-articular manifestations, and reduced quality of life. Managing late-stage RA requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes pharmacological treatments, surgical interventions, and lifestyle modifications. This article explores the various treatment options for late-stage RA, focusing on disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologic agents, corticosteroids, pain management strategies, and surgical interventions. Additionally, we discuss rehabilitation and supportive care strategies to enhance the quality of life for patients with advanced RA.

This paper explores creative approaches to teaching gastrointestinal pathology, incorporating problem-based learning (PBL), digital pathology, virtual microscopy, and interactive simulations. These modern teaching strategies enhance students’ engagement, critical thinking, and diagnostic abilities. The integration of innovative educational technologies fosters deeper learning, making the study of gastrointestinal pathology more practical and accessible.

The aim of the study was to study the features of cellular and humoral immunity in children with cystic fibrosis. 120 children with a mixed form of cystic fibrosis aged 0 to 14 years who were under observation at the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Pediatrics were examined. In children with cystic fibrosis, the level of IL-1b increased in the acute phase of the disease, and IL–8 significantly increased 2.85 times compared with the data of children in the control group, which averaged 59.27±2.41 pg/ml (P<0.001).

The aim of the study was to identify the features of the clinical course and immune status in children with recurrent bronchitis. The studies were conducted in 117 children aged 4 to 6 years who were undergoing inpatient treatment at the Department of Pulmonology of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Pediatrics with a diagnosis of recurrent bronchitis during the period of exacerbation of the disease. Among those hospitalized: boys – 65 (55.5%) and girls – 52 (44.4%). The main clinical features and immunological parameters were studied in all children.

Bronchopulmonary pathology in children includes acute and chronic diseases, among which a special place is occupied by recurrent obstructive bronchitis (ROB), which is a precursor to bronchial asthma. The study analyzed the clinical features and risk factors for the development of recurrent bronchitis in young children. The study included 90 children aged 3 months to 3 years, divided into two groups: with recurrent bronchitis and with recurrent bronchitis with broncho-obstruction. The main predisposing factors were identified, including perinatal complications, frequent respiratory infections, hereditary predisposition and allergic reactions. Clinical manifestations of broncho-obstruction were characterized by difficulty breathing, wheezing, cough and radiographic changes in the lungs. The study emphasizes the need for early detection and prevention of recurrent bronchitis in children with a high risk of developing bronchial asthma. 

The article discusses the significant role of the socio-economic conditions and spiritual environment in the formation of the philosophical views of the great thinker Abdurahman Jomi. At the same time, the specific aspects of the spiritual closeness between Alisher Navoi and Jomi are interpreted in detail. Orientalist Y.E. Bertels, studying the literary and social environment of this period, lists the significant aspects of Navoi's place in it.

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a condition in which urine flows backward from the bladder into the kidneys, potentially leading to recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney damage, and other long-term complications. While management options for VUR include antibiotics, endoscopic treatments, and surgical interventions, reconstructive plastic surgery has shown to be an effective option for children with high-grade VUR, particularly in cases where other treatments fail. This article aims to evaluate the effectiveness of reconstructive plastic surgery, specifically ureteroneocystostomy (a procedure that re-implants the ureter into the bladder) in children with VUR. Through the review of existing literature, analysis of surgical outcomes, and patient follow-up data, this paper provides insights into the success rates, complications, and long-term outcomes associated with reconstructive surgery for VUR in pediatric populations.

Congenital cleft palate is one of the most prevalent congenital abnormalities globally, with an estimated incidence of approximately 1 in 700 live births. This condition involves a gap or opening in the roof of the mouth (palate), which can affect a child's ability to eat, speak, and hear properly. If left untreated, cleft palate can lead to long-term physical, psychological, and social difficulties for the affected children. In the context of pre-exilic preparation, which refers to the preparatory measures taken before surgery, addressing the unique needs of children born with cleft palate is crucial for ensuring successful surgical outcomes and long-term developmental progress. In regions such as Andijan, Uzbekistan, which have unique healthcare challenges and a rural demographic, the pre-exilic care for children born with cleft palates can be particularly difficult. Rural and regional healthcare systems in Uzbekistan, while improving, often lack the resources, specialized medical professionals, and training required to provide optimal care for children with congenital anomalies. This results in delayed diagnosis, inadequate nutritional support, limited access to necessary feeding equipment, and insufficient parental counseling, which all play a critical role in the child’s overall well-being and readiness for surgery.

This article scientifically analyzes the structure, functions, and significance of the gallbladder in the human body. The main objective of the research is to determine the role of the gallbladder in bile secretion and the digestion of fats, as well as to study the causes of pathological conditions related to this organ, specifically the origins of diseases such as gallstones, cholangitis, and inflammation. The article also provides evidence-based recommendations for the prevention and treatment of gallbladder diseases, as well as the importance of proper nutrition and lifestyle. Additionally, the benefits and effectiveness of using plants to improve gallbladder function have been analyzed.

This article explores the significance of information supply technologies in developing the health competence of higher education educators. The increasing use of digital technologies in education offers new opportunities for promoting physical, psychological, and emotional well-being among educators. The study examines the impact of information resources, digital platforms, and online training on teachers’ ability to manage stress, maintain a healthy lifestyle, and improve professional efficiency. The research findings suggest that the integration of health-focused digital tools in higher education institutions enhances educators’ well-being and overall teaching effectiveness.

 In the article, the relationship between technology and stress on the mental health of adolescents is scientifically based. It aims to improve the mental health of the population and prevent suicide due to low self-esteem as a result of indirect effects of technology.

Hepatitis C, caused by the Hepatitis C virus (HCV), remains a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Advances in understanding HCV’s molecular biology, coupled with the development of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies, have drastically improved patient outcomes. This article reviews the modern approaches to understanding the clinical course of Hepatitis C and its state-of-the-art treatment strategies [1]. We discuss epidemiology, pathogenesis, disease progression, diagnostic methods, and innovative treatment regimens that have greatly increased cure rates (sustained virologic response, SVR) and reduced liver-related morbidity and mortality [2].

Physical activity can have both positive and negative impacts on people with asthma, a chronic inflammatory illness of the airways.  Exercise can be therapeutic and help alleviate some of the symptoms of asthma, despite the common belief that it is not recommended for those who have the condition.  Examining physical therapy for bronchial asthma is the focus of this article.

 This scientific article investigates the links between air pollution and respiratory diseases. It provides detailed information on air pollution, its types, and its impact on respiratory health. Pollutants like particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) are discussed in terms of their harmful effects on the respiratory system and their role in chronic diseases. Studies and statistics demonstrate the global significance of the relationship between air pollution and respiratory illnesses. Additionally, the article highlights measures to prevent air pollution and improve public health systems. It serves as a valuable resource not only for researchers but also for health professionals and the general public.

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be one of the most pressing global health problems. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), millions of new cases of the disease are registered annually, and tuberculosis remains one of the leading causes of death among infectious diseases. In the last decade, modern methods of diagnosis and treatment have been actively introduced, which allows to increase the efficiency of detection and control of the disease [1]. This article discusses the main aspects of epidemiology, modern methods of diagnosis and approaches to the treatment of tuberculosis [2].

HIV infection and liver diseases are significant medical problems that have a significant impact on the hemostatic system. The liver plays a key role in maintaining hemostatic homeostasis, synthesizing most blood coagulation factors, anticoagulants, and components of the fibrinolysis system. Liver dysfunction, especially when combined with HIV infection, can lead to an imbalance in the hemostatic system, which increases the risk of both bleeding and thrombosis [1]. The combination of HIV infection and liver diseases, such as viral hepatitis, significantly increases the risk of developing end-stage liver disease and associated complications [2].

Liver cirrhosis is one of the most severe outcomes of chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Timely assessment of the risk of cirrhosis development is of great clinical importance for optimizing patient monitoring and treatment. This article reviews the main clinical and laboratory factors influencing the progression of CHC and the development of cirrhosis, and emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to the diagnosis and monitoring of patients.

Measles remains one of the most contagious human infections, with a basic reproduction number of approximately 12–18. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine for over 50 years, measles continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in children. Before mass vaccination, measles caused approximately 2.6 million deaths worldwide each year. By 2018, immunization had reduced global measles mortality to approximately 140,000 cases per year, but recent years have seen an alarming increase in incidence and mortality. In 2022, approximately 9 million measles cases and 136,000 measles-related deaths will be reported worldwide. These outbreaks highlight the re-emergence of measles as a global threat, particularly given gaps in vaccination coverage and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic [1].

Diarrhea remains one of the most common and debilitating complications in individuals living with HIV, particularly in those with advanced immunosuppression. It adversely impacts nutritional status, quality of life, and can accelerate disease progression by contributing to morbidity and mortality. Understanding the causes, clinical course, and effective management strategies is crucial for improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare burdens [1,2].

Botulism is a rare but life-threatening paralytic illness caused by neurotoxins from Clostridium botulinum. This article provides an overview of botulism, focusing on its epidemiology and prevention. We summarize global incidence trends, risk factors, and recent outbreaks to illustrate the public health significance of botulism. Finally, we discuss strategies for prevention and control – including food safety measures, ongoing vaccination research, and public health interventions – to reduce the burden of this disease [1].

Rubella, commonly known as German measles, is a generally mild, acute viral infection caused by the Rubella virus (RuV). Although most rubella infections have benign courses, complications may arise in cases of coexisting or subsequent secondary infections. These secondary infections can prolong the clinical course and exacerbate symptoms, particularly in immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women [1]. This article reviews the features of rubella with superimposed secondary infections, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, management, and preventive strategies [2].

 The significance of ulcerative colitis diagnosis in conventional medicine, the many contemporary diagnoses of orcalous ulcerative colitis, the scope of the diagnostic using index and scale, and the established diagnosis of tugri are all discussed in this article.

Intestinal infections remain a major public health concern globally due to their impact on morbidity and mortality, particularly among vulnerable populations. Rapid and accurate detection is essential for effective treatment and control. This study evaluates the effectiveness of microbiological and serological tests in the diagnosis of intestinal infections. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 patients presenting with symptoms of gastrointestinal distress at multiple healthcare centers. Microbiological testing included stool cultures, microscopic examination, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, while serological testing was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and agglutination methods. The results indicate that while microbiological tests offer high specificity, serological tests provide greater sensitivity in detecting a broader range of pathogens, particularly in cases where direct detection methods are limited by low pathogen load. These findings support the integration of both test types in diagnostic protocols to enhance overall diagnostic accuracy [1].

This article investigates the epidemiology, clinical features, and new diagnostic approaches related to parasitic diseases that lead to acute diarrhea in children. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of parasitic infections, examine laboratory and clinical findings, and explore emerging trends in molecular diagnostics. The main objective is to identify risk factors for parasitic infections, evaluate the effectiveness of current diagnostic methods, and propose enhanced prevention and treatment strategies. The findings underscore the importance of improved hygiene, better diagnostic infrastructure, and timely therapeutic interventions [1].

This article examines the impact of obesity and metabolic disorders on the risk of developing oncological diseases in women. The mechanisms of the influence of excess weight, insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, and hormonal changes on carcinogenesis are analyzed. Modern epidemiological research data are presented, and possible preventive measures are discussed.

Blood glucose regulation is a fundamental physiological process essential for cellular energy production and metabolic homeostasis. The maintenance of optimal glucose levels is controlled by a complex interplay of hormonal, enzymatic, and cellular mechanisms, primarily involving insulin, glucagon, and other metabolic regulators. Dysregulation in blood glucose levels is associated with metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, and insulin resistance, leading to severe health complications [1].

This study explores the mechanisms of glucose homeostasis, emphasizing the role of the pancreas, liver, muscle, and adipose tissues. It also discusses the metabolic implications of glucose fluctuations, the pathophysiology of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, and recent advances in glucose regulation strategies, including dietary modifications, pharmacological interventions, and emerging technologies like continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and artificial pancreas systems [2].

This article examines the importance of environmental education and the formation of environmental culture among the youth of Uzbekistan. It analyzes programs and initiatives aimed at raising youth awareness of environmental issues, sustainable use of natural resources, and biodiversity conservation. The role of state institutions, educational institutions, and public organizations in developing ecological thinking is considered. Particular attention is given to Uzbekistan’s international cooperation in the field of environmental education. The author emphasizes the need for further development and expansion of environmental education for the sustainable future of the country.

Currently, the choice of treatment method for patients with stage II-III esophageal cancer using neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy is considered justified. This paper presents the results of evaluating the effectiveness of treating locally advanced esophageal cancer using independent remote radiation therapy, as well as competitive chemoradiation therapy.

The article outlines the pedagogical conditions that contribute to solving the problem of changes in the education system. The authors present their perspective on organizing and preparing students with botanical knowledge within the "Pharmacy" specialty, which is part of the cycle of general professional disciplines. The article discusses the best methods for teaching students to master pharmacognosy, develop interest in the subject, broaden their horizons, and cultivate independent work skills.

Arterial ischemic stroke in children is a rare but clinically significant condition characterized by acute cerebrovascular disturbance due to cerebral arterial occlusion. This paper examines the main etiological factors, including cardiogenic embolism, vasculopathies, and thrombophilic states. Special attention is given to the clinical manifestations of the disease, diagnostic methods (neuroimaging, laboratory tests), and modern treatment approaches, including thrombolytic therapy and rehabilitation. The prognosis and potential complications are also analyzed. The importance of early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach in reducing the risk of disability and improving patients' quality of life is emphasized.

This article includes a review of the results of characteristic CT and MRI studies associated with the monogenetic causes of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in children and adolescents. Stroke is a relatively rare, but significant cause of short-term and long-term morbidity and mortality in children. We studied it in three categories: arterial ischemic stroke (AIS), hemorrhagic stroke (HI), and cerebral synovial thrombosis (CST). The etiology of AIS in children is diverse and differs from the etiology of adult stroke, the main ones being congenital heart diseases, vasculopathies, hematological disorders, and prothrombotic conditions. Additional factors may be related to age group, ethnic and geographical factors. Early detection allows for the start of rapid therapy and thereby reduces the risk of further recurrence and complications. Comparative analysis of symptoms in arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) and stroke-like conditions in children, the presumed stroke scale in children for prehospital diagnosis of AII in children and their analysis.