International Journal of Pedagogics
127
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijp
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue05 2025
PAGE NO.
127-129
10.37547/ijp/Volume05Issue05-31
Current State of Research on The Cardiorespiratory System of
Athletes
T.T. Seydemetov
Assistant teacher, Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Ajiniyaz, Uzbekistan
Received:
17 March 2025;
Accepted:
13 April 2025;
Published:
15 May 2025
Abstract:
The article discusses the characteristics of the cardiovascular system during training in an athlete's div.
Keywords:
Athlete, training, load, heart, cardiorespirator.
Introduction:
Physical activity associated with training
and participation in sports competitions places high
demands on the athlete’s
heart. Therefore, the
cardiovascular system is one of the important integral
indicators of the functional state of the div, one of the
mechanisms of its adaptation to various stimulating
factors.
Changes in respiratory function under the influence of
exercise are closely related to changes in blood
circulation. Physical activity associated with training
and participation in sports competitions places high
demands on the athlete’s heart.
Enlargement of the heart in athletes is often detected
using radiographic studies by determining the borders
of the heart using percussion. In trained people, the
weight of the heart is up to 400-500 g, and in untrained
people only 200-300 g. Exercise increases the number
of capillaries in the heart.
To understand the function of blood circulation, it is
important to take into account data on the main
hemodynamic parameters (heart rate, blood pressure).
It consists of 50-60 beats per minute in athletes at rest.
This is especially noticeable in long-distance runners,
cyclists, skiers, and swimmers.
During physical exercise, a number of electrographic
indicators change, which is a sign that the heart muscle
is well supplied with oxygen. Pressure within the range
of 100-110 mm indicates changes in the vascular beds,
creating conditions for the efficient functioning of the
heart, since blood is supplied to the vessels with
reduced resistance.
Arterial pressure is one of the important indicators of
peripheral hemodynamics, reflecting the functioning of
the entire cardiovascular system (CVS), and is a
relatively constant value.
The stress index (SI) is widely used to assess the
functional state of the central nervous system and the
regulation of heart rhythm by the autonomic nervous
system. The role of the influence of sympathoadrenal
influences lies in the constant adaptation of the
intensity of metabolic processes and physicochemical
interactions in tissues to the functional requirements of
the given moment. KI decreases with improvement in
functional state, which allows its use in individual
dynamic observation.
The state of vegetative tone is characterized by a
gradual decrease in sympathetic influence with age, as
well as in connection with regular physical education
and sports. At the same time, it is important to note the
widespread prevalence of this indicator at the age of
11-15, which can be explained by the hormonal
restructuring processes occurring during this period.
Not only cyclical, but also in many types of sports, the
effectiveness of sports activity is largely determined by
the state of the autonomic nervous system, primarily
the circulatory system. For assessing the health status
and functional capabilities of a young athlete, data on
the dynamics of physiological indicators during physical
exertion are of particular importance in the timely
diagnosis of pathological changes and pathological
thresholds not detected during physical activity, as well
as in the initial study.
The number of heartbeats is a specific integral indicator
of the div’s condition, and its chang
e is closely related
to the complex of physiological changes that occur in
International Journal of Pedagogics
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International Journal of Pedagogics (ISSN: 2771-2281)
response to constant physical exertion.
Measuring heart rate using heart rhythm monitors is a
relatively simple and convenient way to monitor the
intensity of physical activity during sports and physical
activity. Heart rhythm monitors not only assist in
monitoring physical activity but also allow for analyzing
the training process and competition results based on
the objective information received.
The use of heart rhythm monitors helps to individualize
the training load depending on the athlete's functional
state at that time. Only with the help of heart rhythm
monitors has it become possible to monitor and
analyze the functional capabilities of an athlete during
competition. A single value of the average heart rate
helps characterize the athlete's current functional state
and, accordingly, plan future training loads.
The total indicator of blood circulation intensity -
minute capacity - increases by up to 25 l/min compared
to a state of rest (about 5 l/min), and in well-trained
individuals it can even reach 30-40 l/min.
Despite the importance of this growth, it still lags
behind the scale of expansion of the respiratory
system. When performing static work, either the VCL
remains unchanged or a slight increase is observed. In
this case, oxygen consumption practically does not
increase, but after the cessation of static load
administration, it sharply increases along with an
increase in VCL.
In individuals with low heart functional capabilities, the
effectiveness of the system's functioning was achieved
by enhancing respiratory function and reducing
peripheral vascular resistance. Therefore, it is
recommended to use a synthetic indicator to
characterize the system's effectiveness, which is based
on the product of minute respiratory capacity (MRC)
and minute circulatory capacity (MCC).
Athletes with a coordination type of adaptation are
characterized by a high degree of efficiency of the
cardiorespiratory system functioning under maximum
physical load, a high or average level of aerobic
production, and a high level of aerobic activity. It has a
large pulse reserve for CV recovery and a post-
traumatic normotonic reaction of the cardiovascular
system.
Athletes with a compensatory type of adaptation have
an advantage in parameters reflecting the capacity of
the cardiorespiratory system. However, in this case,
they are characterized by the expenditure of excess
energy after receiving the load in the normotonic
reaction of the cardiovascular system, the gradual
restoration of the CV.
Athletes with a stressed type of adaptation to the test
load are characterized by low mobility of the
respiratory system and moderate ventilator reaction,
moderate and low level of aerobic production, low
pulse reserve, and slow recovery of the heart rate in
asthenic, dystonic, or hypertonic cardiovascular (CVS)
reactions after the load.
In recent years, studies of the functional state of the
external respiratory system, both at rest and under
conditions of standard physical activity, have been
conducted on an ontogenetic basis. It has been
established that when the ratio of the frequency and
depth of breathing changes depending on the
conditions of performing sports exercises, the diversity
of the various forms of breathing movements occurs
mainly due to the optimization of the breathing act.
It has been noted that the nature, frequency, and
rhythm of breathing during physical activity depend on
the intensity of training and physical activity, the
athlete's fatigue level, and environmental factors.
Under the influence of regular sports training, athletes
experience a pronounced increase in respiratory rate
and relatively low lung ventilation indicators compared
to untrained individuals. Studies have shown that
athletes' breathing levels are lower compared to
untrained individuals.
The vital capacity of lungs (VCL) is an important
indicator of the respiratory system. This indicator
depends not only on the various conditions of
upbringing in which sports training takes place, but also
on the innate capabilities of a person.
In most cases, physically mature individuals with a vital
lung capacity of 7 liters or more become athletes. The
vital capacity of athletes' lungs is usually more than 25-
30% of the required value.
According to L.N. Batkhina’s co
-authored data, athletes
(especially men) who prioritize the development of
agility physical qualities have significantly higher
absolute and relative indicators of external respiration
(VCL, etc.) compared to athletes engaged in play and
other sports, with a clear emphasis on developing
speed and agility. This reflects the degree of positive
influence of long-term extensive loads on the external
respiratory system.
VCL is not among the indicators that ensure sports
success. At the same time, some authors indicate that
VCL depends on div size, age, as well as a person's
functional state and physical fitness. It is noted that
70% of basketball players have an increase in VCL
compared to track and field athletes, weightlifters, and
untrained individuals.
There is also data indicating that the larger the vital
capacity of the lungs (VCL), the lower the expenditure
International Journal of Pedagogics
129
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International Journal of Pedagogics (ISSN: 2771-2281)
on the functioning of the external respiratory system.
In addition, this indicator is taken into account in
another indicator that is important for assessing
functional capabilities - the life expectancy index.
It is known that the minute respiratory capacity (MRC)
is significantly lower in trained individuals compared to
untrained individuals. Observations by some authors
indicate a decrease in vital lung capacity in the first days
of travel to high mountainous regions. The degree of its
decrease depends on the athlete's height and usually
does not exceed 8-15%. Coming to high mountain
conditions and walking there for several days leads to
the restoration of vital lung capacity to its initial value,
and after descending the mountain, it even increases.
During physical exertion, the respiratory rate (RR) in
athletes reaches 40-60 beats per minute or more. Such
a level of RR is considered optimal in the physical
activity of many specialists. In well-trained athletes,
economy of physiological functions is observed at rest.
It has been established that during maximal muscle
function, the VCL in a healthy adult increases to 120
l/min due to a threefold increase in respiratory volume
(RV) and a fourfold increase in respiratory capacity
(RC), while in trained athletes, lung ventilation reaches
150 l/min or more with a threshold load. This indicates
the great reserve capacity of the respiratory system.
I.V. Aulik (1980) and A.T. Ketkin, in collaboration (1984),
emphasize that speed-training athletes increase their
breathing frequency at standard physical loads, while
athletes developing agility-like movement qualities
increase their breathing depth.
Thus, for athletes with the same level of development
of physical qualities and overall work capacity, but with
different types of adaptations to loads, different
training programs are necessary.
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