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BENEFICIAL INSECTS ( ENCARSIA, KHANKIZI, PHYTOMYZA FLY)
Yusupov Ibragim Mirsaydalievich
Kokand State University,
Faculty of Chemical Technology and Natural Sciences,
Associate Professor of the Department of Biology,
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Agricultural Sciences
Phone: (998)-99-904-64-97, E-mail:
ibrohimjony999@gmail.com
Abstract:
This article discusses the biological and ecological characteristics of beneficial insects,
their importance in agriculture, their habitat and role in natural control against natural enemies.
Scientific information on pollinators (e.g. bees), natural enemies against biopests (parasites and
predators), and their role in the food chain is analyzed. Measures for the protection and increase
of their populations, as well as threats arising from human activities, are also considered.
Key phrases:
Beneficial insects, Bioecological characteristics, Pollinating insects,
Entomophages (predatory and parasitic insects), Role in the ecosystem, Biological balance,
Agricultural benefits, Natural control factors, Anthropogenic impact, Biological control agent.
Beneficial insects are insects that reduce the number of plant pests and also provide direct
or indirect benefits to humans. Beneficial insects
1. a pollinator of plant flowers,
2. a supplier of raw materials for food products and industry,
3. natural predators of crop pests and other harmful animals and weeds,
4. are divided into groups such as those involved in natural processes. The importance
of insects, especially bees and honeybees, in pollinating plant flowers has long been
known.
food and technical materials include bees (provide honey and wax), mulberry silkworms
(cocoons), some chervets (produce varnish), and others.
Many beneficial insects are known to be beneficial to or parasitize pests. For example,
goldflies, syrphids, ladybird beetles, leafhoppers, thrips, predatory spiders - orius, aphids , etc.
In biological methods of plant protection, parasitic entomophages are used:
Trichogramma, Gabrabracon (against moth eggs and larvae).
A local herbivore - phytomyza
fly - is successfully used against smut [ 2 ].
Insects also participate in soil formation (for example, from primary wingless insects to
arthropods). Many insects enrich the soil layer with organic matter (soil-dwelling ants, termites,
earthworms , and some beetles).
1. Species – Encarsia formosa (Family – Aphelinidae. Order – Hymenoptera.)
Encarsia is a small insect with a div size of 6-7 mm, and the male is larger than the
female. With the arrival of spring, local encarsia, which emerges from hibernation, first feeds on
wild plants. It damages the larvae of the acacia moth, and from April-May it damages the larvae
of the acacia moth on tomatoes and similar crops. In nature, the encarsia is most abundant in
August-September and damages up to 40-45% of the acacia moth. However, this indicator is
observed only by the end of summer. By this time, the acacia moth has already destroyed a
significant part of the crop. Taking this into account and in order to obtain high yields, the
encarsia moth is grown in greenhouses (Figure 1).
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An adult wasp on a
nymph of the
greenhouse whitefly
Trialeurodes
vaporariorum.
Greenhouse whitefly
pupae: unparasitized
(right), attacking a
whitefly nymph,
Encarsia formosa
(center).
An adult female
Encarsia formosa wasp
is laying eggs on a
whitefly nymph.
Parasitized pupae
of the greenhouse
whitefly.
Figure 1. Encarsia – ( Encarsia formosa )[ 3].
Plants such as tobacco, eggplant, and tomato can be used as feed crops to increase
encarsia. In greenhouses, encarsia develops more on tobacco aphids, and in open fields, it
develops more on tomato and eggplant pests.
Encarzian many in cultivation step by step multiplication method effective - is.
1. First, tobacco seedlings are planted. When they have 4-5 leaflets, they are infested with
aphids. The mature aphids gather on the lower leaves of the plant and begin to lay eggs.
2. From there one week later, on the leaves larvae appearance to be with encarzia is
damaged. This to time come every one tobacco 1000-2000 on the leaf first-year agave larvae will
be collected.
3. Infestation of larvae with encarsia is carried out by placing leaves with encarsia tubers
between the branches of the plant. During this period, the first-instar larvae of the agacanth
develop and pass to the second instar. Encarsia is usually distributed in a ratio of 1:5.
4. The larvae of the agave moth form encarsia in 7-8 days. When the number of these
encarsias on the tobacco leaf reaches 70%, the encarsia is harvested (Figure 2).
2 . Greenhouse whitefly
( Trialeurodes vaporariorum ) and its
parasitoid wasp Life cycles of
( Encarsia formosa )
To propagate encarsia in this way, the temperature should be 27
ο
C and the day length
should be 15-16 hours. To separate the encarsia fungi from the harvested tobacco leaves, you can
use the "Malyutka" washing machine. In this to the car before warm water is poured and 15–20
pieces average large tobacco leaf small into pieces Cut and put in. Close the lid and cook for 2-3
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minutes. is converted. Then the car stop, leaves take In this case, the encarsia mushrooms
separated from the leaves float on the surface of the water. The damaged agave larvae sink to the
bottom of the water (Figures 3-4).
Figure 3. An image of the
whitefly Encarsia formosa
emerging from its pupa.
Figure 4. Adult Encarsia perplexa eggs and
incubating nymphs of citrus black fly
(Aleurocanthus woglumi)[ 4 ].
The mushrooms that have stuck to the walls of the machine and sank to the bottom of the
machine are washed with cold water and caught in a sieve. In greenhouses seedlings for
separated in sections, tobacco 40-50 days apart difference As a result, it is possible to grow
encarsia continuously ( Figures 5 - 6 ).
Figure 5. Greenhouse agave butterfly 1-2 mm and on
the right nymph of the div length 1.3–1.8 mm .
6. Encarsia formosa on a tomato
leaf, size 6-7 mm (black) .
In the summer months, it takes 65-80 days from planting the acacia seedlings to
harvesting them. In the autumn and winter months, this period is slightly longer, reaching 75-95
days. In this method, every 1 m
2 Up to
200,000 encarsias can be grown in a field ( Kimsanboev et
al., 1999). Against Akkanot in the fight mainly in greenhouses seedling in the fields first agave
mature breeds appearance to be with or 5-7 days after planting the seedling 10 m before every 1
m
2 , with a gap
3-5 pieces of Encarsia are scattered on the ground. In the CIS countries and abroad,
the parasitic Encarsia formosa imported from Canada is increasingly being used to combat the
acacia. In Uzbekistan, a local species belonging to the Encarsia genus is particularly
noteworthy[5].
2. Species – Ladybird – (Coccinella septempunctata) (Family – Carnivorous beetles –
Coccinellidae. Order – Coleoptera.) [6]
Ladybugs, the family Coccinellidae, are a family of mainly predatory beetles. Ladybugs
have a div length of 3–7 mm, with a convex upper surface. Most species are brightly colored,
usually with stripes and spots on the upper wings. Eggs are often orange, laid in clusters of 20–
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25. The larvae are active, live an open life on plants. Most ladybugs are predatory
entomophagous. The beetles and their larvae feed on aphids, spider mites, coccids, leafhoppers,
mites, etc. Only some species belonging to the subfamily Epilachninae and the genus Bulae Muls.
are herbivorous and cause damage. About 2 thousand species of scutes are known; including
about 40 species distributed in the irrigated agricultural regions of Uzbekistan. In the biocenosis
of crops, the seven-spotted scutes (C.septempunctata L.); the two-spotted scutes
(Adaliabipunctata L.) and another, also widespread acarifage - a spider mite - the spotted
stethorus (Stethorus punctillum Ws.) are of great importance. One beetle eats 50-100, and its
larva - up to 85, aphids per day. Khonkizi beetles are used as a biological method of protecting
plants from pests. To do this, the beetles are collected and released into a colony of plant lice. It
is possible to avoid using chemicals if the honkizi beetle is distributed at a ratio of 1:20 against
sucking pests.
The adult seven-spotted ladybug can reach a div length of 7.6–12.7 mm. Their
distinctive spots and conspicuous coloration warn of their toxicity, which protects them from
predators. They can secrete a liquid from the joints on their legs, which gives them an unpleasant
taste. The scarred ladybug can secrete an unpleasant substance to protect itself. The seven-
spotted ladybug synthesizes toxic alkaloids, N-oxide coccinellin and its free base precoccinellin;
depending on the sex and diet, the size and color of the spot can indicate how toxic each insect is
to potential predators (Figure 7).
Coccinella
septempunctata
.
Mating.
Egg
Larva.
Figure 7. Coccinella septempunctata - (Coccinella septempunctata) . [ 7]
3. Species – Phytomiza fly – (Phytomiza orabanchia Kalt.) (Family – Leaf-mining flies –
Agromyzidae. Category – Diptera – Dirtera.)
In biological protection of plants, arthropods that feed on plant generative organs are
considered promising and important. A lot of scientific research has been conducted on the
biology and ecology of arthropods - phytophagous, their role in biological control of the number
of some weeds. For example, the shumg'iani fly phytomiza Phytomiza orobanchia Kalt, and
other insects are highly effective phytophagous (Bondarenko, 1986; Koppel, 1980, Soutmen,
1964; Chernyshev, 2001, Hasanov, Eshmatov, 2002; Brovdi, Zerova, Protononova, 1983, Brovdi,
Slodivanyuk, 1983, Hamraev et al., 2003, 2013). Highly specialized arthropod species that do
not harm cultivated plants are used to control weeds.
The genus Orobanchaceae is a genus of
annual or perennial chlorophyll-free
herbaceous plants belonging to the Orobanchaceae family .
More
than 150 species are
distributed in temperate and subtropical regions. In Central Asia, more than 7 species - sunflower,
sedge, cabbage, corn, etc. - grow in vegetable and melon crops, sunflower, potato, tomato, etc.
fields. The stem is light brown, yellow-pink or bluish-green fleshy, up to 50 cm tall. The root is
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transformed into a short fleshy tissue (haustoria). The flowers are collected in a raceme-like
inflorescence, pollinated from the outside, the fruit is a multi-seeded capsule. It is dispersed by
wind and water and can germinate even after 15 years. Each species feeds on the same plant
species. It causes great damage to melon crops, sunflowers, tomatoes, tobacco, and other plants.
The weevil attaches to the roots of plants with its suckers and sucks water and nutrients from
them. As a result, the plant weakens, the taste of its fruit deteriorates, productivity decreases by
50-70%, and even the plant dies.
The Shumghias - a flower parasite of technical, vegetable - melon, tobacco and many
other fodder crops. In order to find the most effective way to combat this parasite, its natural
enemies - herbivores - were studied. One of these, the phytomyza fly (Phytomyza orobanchia
Kalt.), has been found to be the most effective (Bronshteyn, 1970). Its larvae feed on and damage
the seeds of the sorghum, and their germination is lost.
Control measures:
The seeds of the sedge are removed before they ripen, herbicides are
sprayed, and the biological control method uses the phytomyza fly, whose larvae feed on the
seeds of the sedge .[ 8]
Phytomiza flies (Phytomiza orabanchia Kalt.)
are widely used as aboriginal
phytophagous. Its larvae feed on immature seeds, flower tissues and stems of the shumgia, and
therefore this fly effectively controls the reproduction of the parasite. Phytomiza gives 5-6
generations in Central Asia, and 1-2 in Europe. According to the well-known scientist in the field
of biological protection of plants OV Kovalev, the high density of the parasite in the place where
the colony of phytophagous appears, the increase in the natural population of phytomiza in the
agrocenosis, and their infection with parasites are important factors (Fig. 8).
Milkweed (Orobanchaceae
family)
Phytomiza fly (Phytomiza orabanchia Kalt.)
Figure 8. Fungi and Phytomyza flies.
The only scientific work completed on the control of a fully parasitic weed, Phytomiza
orobanchia Kalt, is used to control Phytomiza.
Use of Phytomyza against powdery mildew.
Phytomyza is a family of flies of the
Agromyzidae family, called
leaf-mining flies according to the feeding habits of their larvae,
many of which are leaf-mining on various plants.
It includes about 2,500 species, which are
small, some with a wingspan of 1 mm. Maximum size - 6.5 mm. Most species are 2 - 3 mm.
Phytomyza - Phytomyza orabanchia Kalt. (Diptera, family Agromyzidae) overwinter inside the
seed pods of mushrooms. When the average daily temperature is above 20
ο
C, phytomyza fly out
of the overwintered fungus. After several days of feeding, they mate and the female phytomyza
lays her eggs in the opened flower of the sampa. One female phytomyza lays about 20 eggs, and
after 1.5-2 days, the larvae hatch from the eggs, enter the sampa flower nodes and begin to eat its
raw seeds. Some of the larvae complete their development in the flower bud and turn into a
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fungus there; they gnaw through the wall of the bud, leaving a thin membrane. The phytomyza
easily tears this membrane and flies out (Figure 9) .[ 8]
Figure 9. Phytomyza fly.[9] 3 -
Phytomyza female on broomrape; 4
- Phytomyza mating on yellow
broomrape (Orobanche flava); 5 -
Phytomyza larva on broomrape
shoots; 6 - Phytomyza fungus on the
shoots of a sambucus.
The worms move along the stem and eat away at the base of the shoot node. Having
completed its development, it tears off the epidermis. A stem severely damaged by phytomyza
becomes hollow. The larval period lasts 14-20 days , depending on climatic conditions ; the
pupal period lasts 7-9 days; the full development period of phytomyza lasts 20-36 days. The
adult phytomyza is an insect 3-4 mm in size and lives up to 6 weeks. Phytomyces influences the
spread of fungi in many ways in natural conditions. The entire development period of
phytomyces occurs only in plants belonging to the sedge family. The development of fungi and
phytomyces is synchronous. Phytomyza can leave up to 5-6 generations in Central Asia.
In order to increase the importance of phytomiza in eliminating mold, its natural
resources are used. In addition, herbivores are also propagated in laboratory conditions. In late
September or early October, it is necessary to start collecting natural phytomiza before preparing
the field for plowing.
In this case, it is necessary to collect dry stems and seed pods of the mushroom, which are
filled with larvae that have begun to hibernate, as well as late-growing mushroom inflorescences,
which contain not only mushrooms, but also phytomyza larvae of different ages. At low autumn
temperatures and the first freezing of the ground, these larvae die, but if artificially good
conditions are created, they complete their development and turn into mushrooms. The diapause
process continues throughout the winter , and this situation has a seasonal and annual character.
The period of emergence of an adult insect is extended. Therefore, in the first part of the imago
emergence period, 35 %, then 20, 15, 10, and 5% of imagoes emerge from the phytomyza
mushroom.
Conclusion
Beneficial insects play an important role not only in maintaining biological balance in
nature, but also in pollination of agricultural crops and natural pest control. It is necessary to
study their bioecological characteristics in depth, protect them taking into account their living
conditions, and support their activity in agroecosystems. As analyzed in the article, human
activity, especially the improper use of pesticides, is leading to a decrease in the number of these
beneficial organisms. Therefore, the development of sustainable strategies for the protection of
beneficial insects and their use in biological control is an urgent issue.
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110
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3. https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/whitefly-encarsia-formosa-parasitoid/#gsc.tab=0
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