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THE HISTORICAL CONDITION OF SETTLEMENTS IN THE GUZOR BEKLIK AT
THE END OF THE 19TH – BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY
Xoliqov G’olib
Associate Professor at the University of Information Technology and Management
Ergasheva Marjona Khidir qizi
Student of History University of Information Technologies and Management
Annotation:
This topic focuses on the historical condition of settlements in the territory of
Guzor Beklik during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It analyzes the formation of towns
and villages within the Beklik, their administrative-territorial structure, population size, daily life,
economic activity, transportation routes, and market infrastructure. Based on historical sources
and archival documents, the study explores the socio-economic significance of these settlements,
forms of local governance, and cultural life. This research provides a crucial scientific
foundation for the study of the historical geography and development of the Guzor Beklik's
settlement system.
Keywords:
Guzor Beklik, settlements, historical geography, urban planning, agriculture,
demography, late 19th century, early 20th century, administrative-territorial structure, society,
economic life, lifestyle.
Introduction.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Guzor Beklik (or province) existed
as a distinct administrative-territorial unit within the Bukhara Emirate, encompassing the
southwestern part of the Kashkadarya oasis. During this period—particularly the second half of
the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century—the Kashkadarya region consisted of
administrative units referred to as “beklik” or “viloyat,” including Qarshi, Chiroqchi, Khuzor
(Guzor), Yakkabogʻ, Shahrisabz, and Kitob.
These units, similar to other regions of the Emirate, contained numerous smaller administrative
divisions known as “amlok” (estate, property), each comprising dozens or even hundreds of
villages. It is important to note that during this era, the Bukhara Emirate was administratively
divided into 27 bekliks, including Karmana, Khatirchi, Ziyovuddin, Nurata, Qarshi, Kitob,
Shahrisabz, Chiroqchi, Yakkabogʻ, Khuzor (Guzor), Boysun, Sherobod, Denov, Karki, Chorjuy,
Hisor, Kulob, Qorategin, Darvoz, Baljuvon, Shughnon-Rushon, Qorqontepa, Qobadiyon, Kalif,
Bòrdaliq, and Qobogli.Each beklik was governed by a bek, appointed by the emir himself. The
bekliks were divided into amlokliks, which were administered by amlokdors, also appointed by
the beks
Territorially, the Guzor Beklik included not only the present-day Guzor district but also
encompassed the current Dehqonobod district and part of the Qamashi district, specifically the
villages adjacent to Guzor. It bordered Qarshi Beklik in the northwest, Yakkabogʻ Beklik in the
northeast, Boysun and Sherobod Bekliks in the south, and Karki Beklik in the southwest.
Additionally, the population of Guzor Beklik maintained relatively close economic and cultural
ties with neighboring territories such as Chiroqchi in the north, Shahrisabz in the northeast,
Burdaliq in the west, Kalif (Kelif) in the southwest, and Denov in the southeast.
The administrative center of Khuzor (Guzor) Beklik was the city of Guzor. The beklik included
several amlokliks, namely: Afghonbogʻ, Eskibogʻ, Yorti-tepa, Oʻrayi-kalon, Karsang, Garmiston,
1
Материалы по районированию Средней Азии. Кн.1: Территория и населения Бухары и Хорезма. Часть 1:
Бухара. – Т.: Туркпечать, 1926. – С. 63-64.
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Qamay, Beliboyli, and Gurshak. A significant portion of these amlokliks were situated in the
southern and southwestern parts of the Kashkadarya oasis, adjacent to the Surkhandarya oasis
across mountainous terrain.
Compared to other regions of the Kashkadarya oasis, Guzor Beklik was divided into fewer
amlokliks. Among them, Garmiston included a part of the villages located northwest of Guzor
city; Afghonbogʻ encompassed villages to the north of Guzor; and Beliboyli included several
villages located in the southeastern part of the beklik
.
Of the nine amlokliks in Guzor Beklik, some are rooted in Turkic (Uzbek) languages, while
others are based on Iranian (Sogdian, Tajik) linguistic origins. Among the amlokliks of Guzor,
the names Yortitepa, Qamay, and Beli-boyli are of Turkic origin; Eskibogʻ and Oʻra-i Kalon
reflect a blend of Turkic and Persian; while Gurshak and Garmiston derive from Iranian
(Sogdian, Persian-Tajik) terms. The name of Afghonbogʻ amloklik may possibly be associated
with Afghan merchants who were active in trade in the city of Guzor. Such naming of the Guzor
amlokliks is clearly connected to the socio-cultural and ethnic context of the period. The region
was primarily inhabited by Uzbeks and Tajiks, with some Arab communities as well.
Most of these amlokliks included dozens of villages, many of which were linked to various
Uzbek tribes such as the Qovchin, Qongirot, Saroy, and Batosh. In addition, the city of Guzor
and its surroundings were home to Uzbek populations who did not associate themselves with any
specific tribal affiliation; they were mainly engaged in agriculture, gardening, trade, and
craftsmanship.Tajiks were represented by Persian-speaking artisans and merchants living in
Guzor city and by a highland ethnic group known as the “Harduri” residing in the southern
mountainous parts of the beklik. Moreover, in the northwestern part of Guzor Beklik, bordering
Qarshi Beklik, Arabs were also present. A portion of Guzor’s population consisted of Arabs,
particularly those living in areas close to Qarshi
Based on the documents of the Bukhara Emirate compiled in 1914, we present the names of the
populated areas – villages – within the amlokliks of Guzor
According to documents of the Bukhara Emirate from 1914, the following villages were part of
the amlokliks within Guzor Beklik:
In the Eskibogʻ amloklik, there were 26 villages: Abu Vays, Oqtosh, Gulcha, Harduri, Jarariq,
Jar Qoravul, Echki Qirildi, Qayirma, Eskibogʻ, Quduq-i Qoraboy, Qongirot, Panj Kamar,
Tavakkal, Tozgoʻzar, Toshgoʻzar, Khoja Chahor Dakh, Chavghon, Chirrovuq, Chunagor, Chur
Tamah, Chuchuk, Shakarbuloq, Shoʻrarna, Shoʻr Quduq, Shoʻrcha.
In the Gurshak amloklik, there were 31 villages: Aygʻir-uba, Oq Dahana, Bol Quduq, Gurshaki
Bolo, Gurshaki Poyon, Gushmon, Dakhdor, Juychoq, Zirakcha, Yetti Quduq, Kalta Poy, Kon,
Qizilcha, Qiz Quduq, Qiyomat Sharm, Qirginchaq, Lalloq, Sabotli, Sang Suloq, Takham,
Tandircha, Tulash, Turna Soy, Ulus Qanchuqli, Khoja Balos, Khoja Guluk, Husayn Shaykh,
Changaruq, Chighon, Chiroqchi, Juychoq.
In the Yorti-tepa amloklik, there were 26 villages: Oynakoʻl, Juychoq, Akhanguzar, Gunatoy,
Dovud, Kaltatoy, Qora Kamar, Qorongʻi Koʻl, Katta Qishloq, Qizil Buloq, Qishliq, Quboi Kalon,
Quboi Khurd, Koʻk Boʻynoq, Qutchi, Qoshtamghali, Murodboy, Nogohon, Sawsan, Tol, Toli
Bolo, Toli Poyon, Uch Tepa, Khon Tushdi, Khudoyor, Shayton.
2
Населенные пункты Бухарского эмирата (конец XIX – начало XX в.) Материалы к исторической
географии Средней Азии. Под. Ред. А.Р. Мухаммеджанова. – Т.: Университет, 2001. – С. 297-304.
3
Ражабов Р. Ўзбекистондаги араблар тарихи ва этноргафияси. – T.: Sharq, 2012. – Б. 191-205.
4
Населенные пункты Бухарского эмирата (конец XIX – начало XX в.). Материалы к исторической
географии Средней Азии. – С. 297-304.
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In the Oʻra-i Kalon amloklik, there were 18 villages: Oq Dahana, Boʻzastar, Govkhona, Zarang
Buloq, Yongʻoqliq, Qaychiliq, Kalta, Kalta Minor, Konsay, Qorongʻi Koʻl, Qizil Mozor, Koʻka
Buloq, Qoshquduq, Qoshilish, Teraklik, Hayit, Khachcha, Chosh Tepa.
In the Oʻra-i Khurd amloklik, there were 7 villages: Oynakoʻl, Bobo Surkhon, Besh Buloq,
Doricha, Kon, Turk, Uygʻur.
In the Tangʻi Harom amloklik, there were 11 villages: Oqtoshkent, Anarbuloq, Arab, Gumbuloq,
Gʻuroti, Darkhon, Qorakhol, Quruqsay, Khoja Mahmud, Chashma-i Hofizon, Shakarbuloq.
In the Afghonbogʻ amloklik, there were 11 villages: Omon-ota, Afardi, Batosh, Besh Gul,
Jahondodi, Yargʻuvchi, Qamishli, Qoshtepa, Savlughor, Harduri, Qorakoʻz.
In the Garmiston amloklik, there were 11 villages: Jonbaliq-i Poyon, Zang Tepa, Kerait-i Bolo,
Kerait-i Poyon, Qirgʻiz-Saroy, Mojor-i Bolo, Savbogʻi Bolo, Khoja Rozmoz, Chumushli-i Bolo,
Chumushli-i Poyon, Garmiston.
In the Qamay amloklik, there were 12 villages: Oqguzar, Qozoq, Qayboqchi, Kalon, Qora
Qoʻton, Karvon, Qori Qishloq, Sarv Guzar, Sart Boʻkujali, Oʻlmas, Uch Tut, Xudi Qamay.
Many of the village names in Guzor Beklik come from tribal names, religious or social terms, or
natural-geographic features. For example, in Eskibogʻ amloklik, there are villages like Qongirot
and Harduri; in Gurshak – Ulus Qanchuqli, Khoja Balos (Barlos); in Yorti-tepa – Kaltatoy,
Qishliq, Qutchi, Qoshtamghali; in Oʻra-i Kalon – Qaychili; in Oʻra-i Khurd – Turk and Uygʻur;
in Tangʻi Harom – Arab; in Afghonbogʻ – Batosh and Harduri; in Garmiston – Kerait, Mojor,
Qirgʻiz-Saroy, Chumushli; in Qamay – Qozoq, Sart-Boʻkujali.
Most of these names are connected to Uzbek tribes such as Qongirot, Barlos, Kaltatoy, Qishliq,
Qutchi, Batosh, Turk, Uygʻur, Kerait, Mojor, Qirgʻiz, Saroy, and Qozoq. These are also
mentioned in the famous list of “92 Uzbek clans” from the 16th to early 20th centuries
At this point, it should be noted that a significant portion of the villages within Guzor Beklik
were settlements inhabited by members of the Qongirot tribe. For example, in villages such as
Ulus Qanchuqli, Qaychili, and Qoshtamghali, residents belonged to subgroups of the Qongirot
tribe, specifically to the Ulus and Qaychili branches. In particular, the village of Qaychili in the
Oʻra-i Kalon amloklik was formed as an ethnonymic toponym, associated with the Qaychili
subgroup of the Qongirot tribe.
In the early 20th century, in his work "Tarikh-i Humoyun," Muhammad Sodiqkhoja Gulshani
also mentioned this ethnonym as one of the branches of the Qongirot tribe.
The first part of the village name Ulus Qanchuqli in the Gurshak amloklik likely refers to the
Ulus group, which is a branch of the Qongirot tribe. Villages with the name Ulus can be found in
several regions of present-day Uzbekistan, and in the early 20th century, many of their residents
identified themselves as belonging to a branch of the Qongirot tribe. Especially, subgroups like
Qanjighali and Qoshtamghali were large tribal divisions that were also known by these names
The name of the village Qoshtamghali, located in the Yorti-tepa amloklik, likely comes from the
fact that it was inhabited by members of the Qoshtamghali clan — one of the major branches of
the Qongirot tribe. It is well known that Qoshtamghali is one of the large subgroups of the Uzbek
Qongirots, and this ethnonym is commonly found among both Uzbeks and other Turkic peoples
.
The name Sart-Boʻkujli, found in the Qamay amloklik mentioned above, is also likely an
ethnonymic toponym. In the Qushbegi records, the name is written somewhat unclearly, but it is
5
Султанов Т.И. Опыт анализа традиционных списков 92 «племен илатия» Средняя Азия в древности и
средневековье. – М.: Наука, 1977. – С. 165-176; Асқаров А. Ўзбек халқининг келиб чиқиш тарихи. – Тошкент:
O‘zbekiston, 2015. – Б. 487-490.
6
Бегалиев Н.Б., Туробов А.М. Самарқанд топонимияси. – Самарқанд: СамДЧТИ нашриёти, 2015. – Б. 85.
7
Нафасов Т. Қашқадарё қишлоқномаси. – Б. 402.
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probably Sart-Boʻgajili, which is still the name of a village in today’s Qamashi district. The
original root of the word comes from the Hindi term "sartha" or "sart", which meant "merchant."
Later, in some regions, it became an exo-ethnonym and was used to name certain tribal
subgroups.The name Sart-Boʻgajili is formed by combining the ethnonyms Sart and Boʻgajili. A
branch of the Qashqadarya Qongirots known as Voxtamghali had a subgroup called Boʻgajili,
and a smaller part of that subgroup was referred to as Sart
According to the Qushbegi records, in the early 20th century, there were villages named Qozoq
and Qozoqli in the Qarshi, Chiroqchi, and Guzor bekliks. These villages were mainly associated
with the Manghit tribe, one of the major Uzbek tribal groups. The village named Qozoq in the
Qamay amloklik of Guzor Beklik may also have been connected to the Manghit tribe. Although
settlements inhabited by members of the Manghit tribe did exist in Guzor Beklik, unlike other
place names, villages bearing the name Manghit were rarely found there. Only once was a
village named Manghit mentioned in the Qushbegi records, located in the Afghonbogʻ amloklik
At this point, it is worth noting that some of the village names in Guzor Beklik recorded in the
Qushbegi archive also appear in other written sources, particularly in historical works related to
the historiography of the Bukhara Emirate. One of the major historians of the Bukhara Emirate,
Mirzo Somiy (d. 1907), in his work titled "Tarikhi Salotin-i Mangitiya" (“The History of the
Manghit Sultans”), mentions the city of Guzor and several villages within the beklik. For
example, in this work, there is reference to the fortress of the village Yorti-tepa. It describes how
one of the princes of the Bukhara Emirate, Abdumalikkhoja, a political and military figure
known for his opposition to Russian occupation and for uniting anti-colonial forces around
Guzor and its surroundings, passed through this fortress on his way from Khanabad in the Qarshi
Beklik to Shahrisabz
. Based on this information, it can be concluded that during that time there
was a fortress in the Yorti-tepa amloklik which functioned as an administrative center. This
suggests that each amloklik likely had its own specific fortress that served as a seat of authority,
where officials such as the amlokdor or amin carried out their duties. It is also worth noting that
while describing the activities of Abdumalikh To‘ra, Mirzo Somiy repeatedly mentions the
Qarshi fortress and also refers to the Yorti-tepa fortress. This indicates that the Yorti-tepa
fortress was of significant strategic importance at the time
.
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