Vol. 1 No. 6 (2025): The Journal of Applied Science and Social Science

This article analyzes China's geostrategic interests and political approaches in the South Asian region. As South Asia increasingly becomes a key area in global politics and economic relations due to its strategic location, large population, and economic potential, China is making the region a growing priority within the framework of its broader foreign policy and global ambitions. The article examines China's role in developing trade and investment relations with South Asian countries through economic reforms, with particular attention given to the significance of the "Belt and Road Initiative" in enhancing infrastructure development and regional integration. It discusses the complex aspects of China-India relations, China's strategic partnerships with other countries in the region, and the debates surrounding "debt-trap" diplomacy. The article also explores China's expanding presence in terms of access to the Indian Ocean, military cooperation, and regional security, as well as efforts to secure energy and natural resources, its rivalry with the US Indo-Pacific strategy, and China's long-term geostrategic objectives.

This article explores effective methodologies for cultivating literary analysis skills among students in literature classes. Emphasis is placed on the development of analytical thinking, interpretation of figurative language, understanding of authorial intent, and appreciation of stylistic devices. The article examines practical strategies for engaging students in close reading, discussion-based interpretation, and comparative analysis, while considering age-specific cognitive abilities. It also discusses the integration of modern pedagogical tools, such as interactive technology and group collaboration, to enhance students’ ability to evaluate texts critically. The role of the teacher as a guide and facilitator is highlighted, with a focus on formative assessment methods and feedback mechanisms. The study concludes that systematic and creative teaching approaches significantly enhance learners’ literary competence and cultural awareness.

 This article discusses the life and creative work of Tolepbergen Kayipbergenov, a prominent representative of Karakalpak literature. The writer's work, which began with poetry and later continued in the genres of prose and novel, is deeply analyzed. In particular, in the novel "Karakalpak qizi," national thinking and social changes are revealed through the image of a woman, and in the work "O dunyadagi atama xatlar," environmental problems are revealed in an artistic and philosophical interpretation. The article highlights how Qayipbergenov deeply analyzed the historical fate, spiritual world, and role of the Karakalpak people in society through artistic expression.

Efficient logistics and warehouse management are critical components in modern medicine to ensure the timely delivery of medicines, maintain drug quality, and optimize healthcare outcomes. This article explores the principles, challenges, and technological advancements involved in managing pharmaceutical supply chains, emphasizing strategies to improve delivery speed, accuracy, and inventory control. The role of automation, real-time tracking, and integrated information systems in enhancing logistics operations is also discussed.

Effective interaction between medical organizations and their pharmacies is critical for ensuring the timely availability of medications and the smooth functioning of healthcare services. This article explores the pivotal roles of document management and accounting systems in facilitating this interaction. Emphasis is placed on how proper documentation and financial control contribute to inventory accuracy, regulatory compliance, and operational efficiency. Current technological advancements enhancing these processes are also discussed.

Museums today are no longer static repositories of cultural artifacts; they have evolved into active agents of cultural diplomacy and international dialogue. This article examines how museums contribute to fostering peaceful international relations by serving as bridges between nations through traveling exhibitions, institutional partnerships, cross-border collaborations, and educational initiatives. Drawing upon examples from globally significant museum institutions such as the British Museum, the Louvre, and the Smithsonian, as well as regional case studies, the article articulates how museums contribute to public diplomacy, mutual cultural understanding, and soft power. The study proposes that in an era of increasing geopolitical tension, museums play a vital role in reframing historical narratives, nurturing empathy between cultures, and building sustainable diplomatic relationships.

This scientific paper analyzes the types of silk waste and the standards applied in their recycling process. Adhering to the standards for waste generated in sorting and silk reeling sections helps to improve product quality.

This article examines the role of polymer modifiers in enhancing the quality of surfacing materials by increasing their viscosity. It discusses the importance of viscosity in the application and performance of coatings, paints, adhesives, and sealants. The article outlines common types of polymer viscosity modifiers, such as associative thickeners and cellulosic derivatives, and explains how they improve application control, surface finish, and material stability. Practical considerations for selecting and optimizing polymer modifiers in formulations are also addressed, highlighting their critical role in producing high-performance surfacing products.

This article analyzes the use of jargon and slang in modern press materials, focusing on their stylistic and communicative functions. These lexical units add expressiveness, personalization, and proximity to the audience. However, excessive use may undermine language norms and journalistic standards.

An education system based on innovation and creativity is an effective means of implementing social development.

Assessing the impact of factors on the development of creativity in future primary teachers, improving the methodological system of organizing educational activities based on creativity, and developing pedagogical technologies based on creativity are becoming increasingly relevant.

Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) and B1/B2 level sociolinguistic and pragmatic competences. The use of Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) at B1/B2 level for development of sociolinguistic and pragmatic competences. The paper reflects on challenges and opportunities of TBLT by reviewing principles from theory and practice in the classroom. Well-crafted, intentionally designed tasks not only facilitate students’ engagement in socially appropriate language use, but they also contribute to their fuller journey as language learners. In addition, it addresses pedagogical implications, assessment procedures, and implementation challenges to provide an overview of TBLT regarding the development of communicative competence. This study also studies task structures affecting learners' motivation in various contexts and suggests some usages for getting it implemented.

This article examines the key methods used to assess bank capital and ensure its adequacy, which is crucial for maintaining financial stability and protecting the banking system from unexpected losses. It discusses capital adequacy ratios, leverage ratios, stress testing, internal capital adequacy assessment processes (ICAAP), risk-adjusted return on capital (RAROC), and market-based measures. The article also highlights the role of regulatory frameworks, particularly the Basel Accords, in setting minimum capital requirements and guiding banks to hold sufficient capital buffers. These mechanisms collectively help banks absorb shocks, maintain solvency, and support sustainable economic growth.

This in the article industry in enterprises metrological supply system current problems and their solution to grow roads seeing Metrological​​ supply system working release processes quality and efficiency in providing important importance has to be, measure of tools novelty, calibration process, qualified of human resources and digital technologies current to be such as main factors analysis Problems are solved. identify and​ eliminate to grow according to practical recommendations working issued are, they are industry in enterprises metrological of service quality to improve service does.

This study explores the role of ergonomics in enhancing employee well-being. Ergonomic interventions aim to optimize workplace design to reduce physical strain and improve comfort, thereby increasing productivity and reducing work-related injuries. The paper analyzes the benefits of ergonomics in various occupational settings and discusses challenges in implementation.

This article highlights the history of the establishment of the Olympic and Paralympic Glory Museum, its core objectives, and its role in preserving sports heritage. It analyzes the essence of the museum’s exhibitions, which promote national pride, patriotism, and a healthy lifestyle through the achievements of athletes. The museum’s educational and moral significance, as well as its importance in preserving the history of sports and individual accomplishments in the public memory, are also considered key aspects of the study.

This article explores effective strategies for identifying children with delayed speech development and discusses comprehensive methods for their socialization. It highlights the importance of early diagnosis, multidisciplinary intervention, and family involvement in fostering communication skills and social integration.

This article explores effective strategies for identifying children with delayed speech development and discusses comprehensive methods for their socialization. It highlights the importance of early diagnosis, multidisciplinary intervention, and family involvement in fostering communication skills and social integration.

This study examines the effects of structured coordination training on the development of motor performance in young athletes participating in sports. Over a 10-week period, the experimental group received targeted coordination training—focusing on balance, agility, reaction time, and motor coordination—while the control group followed conventional training without a specific coordination emphasis. Pre- and post-intervention assessments showed that the experimental group showed statistically significant improvements in all measured parameters, while the control group showed minimal progress. These findings highlight the effectiveness of incorporating coordination-focused training into youth training programs. Improved coordination contributes to improved movement efficiency, faster decision-making, and better athletic performance in dynamic sports environments. The study highlights the importance of early motor development and suggests that structured coordination training should be a key component in long-term athlete development strategies. Future research should examine long-term effects and sport-specific adaptations in different age groups.

This article examines the theoretical and practical dimensions of pedagogical communication within the educational process. It explores the foundational theories that inform effective teacher-student interaction, including educational psychology, sociocultural theory, and constructivist approaches. The article also addresses real-world challenges faced by educators, such as managing communication in diverse classrooms, emotional and social barriers to learning, and the impact of technology on interpersonal dynamics. Strategies for improving pedagogical communication are proposed, with an emphasis on student-centered practices, reflective teaching, and professional development. The aim is to provide educators, researchers, and policymakers with a deeper understanding of how effective communication enhances educational outcomes and supports holistic student development.

Effective family communication plays a central role in shaping adolescents’ social and emotional well-being. This article explores the influence of open versus closed communication patterns within families and their impact on adolescent development. It discusses how verbal and non-verbal communication practices affect self-esteem, emotional intelligence, and peer relationships. Drawing on both international and Uzbek scholarly sources, the paper emphasizes the importance of fostering supportive family dialogue to strengthen adolescents’ psychological resilience.

This article presents a comprehensive methodology for addressing phonetic and phonemic deficiencies in preschool children who stutter. Recognizing the high co-occurrence of speech sound disorders with developmental stuttering, the paper outlines an integrated approach that combines fluency shaping, articulation therapy, and phonological awareness training. The methodology emphasizes early diagnosis, individualized intervention plans, and active involvement of parents and caregivers. Through a structured therapeutic framework, the article aims to enhance both speech intelligibility and communicative confidence in young children, promoting more successful speech and language development during the critical preschool years.

This article examines the vital role that national values play in shaping the spirituality of modern youth amidst the challenges of globalization and cultural diversity. It discusses how national values serve as a foundation for identity formation, ethical development, and social cohesion, providing young people with a sense of belonging and purpose. The article highlights the balance between preserving cultural heritage and adapting to contemporary realities, emphasizing the importance of inclusive and dynamic national values in nurturing the inner lives and community engagement of youth. By fostering these values, societies can support young individuals in developing a meaningful spirituality that integrates personal growth with collective responsibility.

This article explores the role of transmedia storytelling in language education, emphasizing its effectiveness in increasing student engagement and motivation. By spreading narratives across multiple media platforms, transmedia stories provide immersive, contextualized language experiences that cater to diverse learning styles. The article discusses how this approach supports vocabulary acquisition, critical thinking, and creativity, while also offering practical classroom applications and addressing potential challenges. Overall, it highlights transmedia storytelling as a dynamic tool to revitalize traditional language learning methods in the digital age.

The article is devoted to the essential factors of increasing competency-based approach in foreign language learning and productivity in higher education. We study the content of productive foreign language education and the improvement of the appropriate methodical model that allows updating educational resources in this scientific field. The aim of the article is to determine the leading principles, methodological conditions and technological features of the productive foreign language learning by analyzing the classical and modern pedagogical practice, to develop the concept of the productive approach and the appropriate methodological model as the contemporary educational format. To substantiate the relevance of the study, a content review of educational programs was conducted, which made it possible to draw conclusions about the possibility of introducing the productive approach into the educational process. Theoretical and practical aspects of the studied issue were investigated in the process of the productive approach implementation. In order to promote an effective teaching productive approach can be introduced into the learning process as a basic element of the implementation of the competence paradigm of education.

This article discusses the advantages of CASE study teaching technologies in the flipped classroom model. In turn, they consist of technical and software tools: smart manuals, and textbooks, expressed in the form of software for creating and distributing interactive and communicative electronic educational materials. The author focuses on using computers or smartphones where providing videos, podcasts, banks, digital platforms, applications, and websites that are productive in teaching English.

 This article explores the role of transmedia storytelling in language education, emphasizing its effectiveness in increasing student engagement and motivation. By spreading narratives across multiple media platforms, transmedia stories provide immersive, contextualized language experiences that cater to diverse learning styles. The article discusses how this approach supports vocabulary acquisition, critical thinking, and creativity, while also offering practical classroom applications and addressing potential challenges. Overall, it highlights transmedia storytelling as a dynamic tool to revitalize traditional language learning methods in the digital age.

This article is dedicated to the topic “International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS/IAS)” and highlights the essence, objectives, and practical significance of these standards. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are a set of regulatory documents designed to ensure a unified format for accounting reports on a global scale. Their main objective is to guarantee transparency, accuracy, and comparability of financial information. The article also analyzes the differences between IAS (International Accounting Standards) and IFRS, the historical development of these standards, and the stages of their implementation in practice. Reports prepared in accordance with international standards serve as a reliable and comprehensive source of information for investors, creditors, and other stakeholders. The research also examines the current state and urgent issues of implementing these standards in Uzbek enterprises. The conclusion substantiates the importance of international standards in improving the quality and reliability of financial reporting.

This article explores the traditional forms and contemporary creative directions of miniature art. Miniature painting has not only remained a vital component of national culture and historical heritage but is also evolving today through new techniques and modern expressions. The study examines the aesthetic and spiritual significance of miniature art, its role in shaping cultural identity, and the innovative experiments carried out by contemporary artists. Additionally, based on the views of both international and local scholars, the article analyzes ways to preserve cultural heritage and transmit it to future generations.

This article analyzes the main clinical presentations of epilepsy, the methods used for its diagnosis, and modern treatment strategies. Epilepsy is a chronic disease of the central nervous system characterized by recurrent seizures. Through early detection and modern therapeutic approaches, patients’ quality of life can be significantly improved.

This article analyzes the current state of the system of training personnel in the field of tourism in Uzbekistan, identifies existing problems and considers ways to solve them. It also examines the possibilities of improving the quality of education and expanding international cooperation based on the experience of foreign countries.

This study aims to examine the relationship between the level of use of information technologies by middle school students in general secondary education and their perceptions of social values. The research was conducted using a mixed method with an explanatory sequential design approach. In the quantitative phase, a correlational survey method was used, while in the qualitative phase, data were collected through open-ended questions. Quantitative data were gathered using the "Information Technology Usage" and "Perception of Social Values" scales. Qualitative data were collected via the "Student Opinions on Information Technologies and Social Values" form developed by the researchers. The study involved 30 middle school students. The qualitative analysis revealed that although students use information technologies for obtaining information, conducting research, and entertainment, they tend to disregard social values during this process.

Developments in the field of technology have led to the emergence of innovative approaches and new practices in the digital world. Websites - initially designed for information exchange and based on internet platforms - have become increasingly accessible from any location due to the widespread use of mobile devices. Ensuring a good user experience, especially on mobile devices, is critically important for such applications and can significantly affect their long-term usability. From this perspective, usability-focused research not only contributes to the development of websites but also enhances the experiential quality of any digital product offered to users.

The physical preparation of an athlete is a decisive factor in achieving high results in the sport of fencing. In this sport, accuracy, speed, endurance, balance, reaction and strength work together. The main factors affecting the level of preparation of athletes include their age, physical condition, training plan, nutrition, psychological preparation and coaching methods. The equipment used by the athlete, gym conditions and recovery (rehabilitation) processes also directly affect the result. Since precision and agility of movements are important in fencing, preparation with special exercises, the development of coordination and reflexes is of particular importance. By studying this topic, it is possible to develop effective approaches to training athletes in fencing. Due to the complexity of this sport, physical training approaches differ for each discipline (foil, epee, sabre).

This article analyzes the current issues and modern directions of the development of the vocational education system in our country. It highlights the alignment of education with labor market demands, implementation of dual education systems, integration of modern professions and innovative technologies into the curriculum, and the improvement of retraining and professional development systems. The paper also presents proposals and recommendations for modernizing vocational education based on international experience.

 This article explores the deep-rooted symbolic representations of love and patriotism in classical Uzbek poetry. Through the works of prominent poets such as Alisher Navoi, Babur, and Mashrab, the study analyzes how literary expressions of romantic and spiritual love are intertwined with national consciousness and devotion to homeland. The fusion of lyrical beauty with socio-political undertones reveals that Uzbek classical poetry served not only as a mirror of personal emotions but also as a vehicle of collective identity and cultural resilience. The study emphasizes the enduring legacy of these motifs in shaping the moral and aesthetic worldview of the Uzbek people.

This report examines the interaction between the stock market and the demand for money in Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan is an emerging economy in the process of financial reforms and liberalization. As Uzbekistan strives to build a developed and efficient market, it is important to study the interaction between monetary and stock market activities in order to improve the efficiency of economic growth, make monetary policy more effective, and create a better investment climate. The stock market in Uzbekistan is relatively young in terms of development, structure, liquidity, trading volume, and number of listed companies compared to developed economies. In particular, challenges remain, although recent reforms by the government to liberalize the economy and attract foreign investment are gradually increasing this share.

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This article evaluates the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) tools on English language learning outcomes. It explores how AI-powered technologies such as adaptive learning platforms, intelligent tutoring systems, and speech recognition software contribute to personalized learning, immediate feedback, and increased accessibility. The article also discusses challenges including over-reliance on technology, data privacy concerns, and issues of equity. Drawing on recent research and practical examples, it highlights the potential of AI to enhance English proficiency while emphasizing the importance of integrating human interaction for optimal language acquisition. Recommendations for future development and best practices in using AI tools in English education are also provided.

 This article explores the evolving landscape of international trade policy and its implications for national economies. It examines key modern trends, including the rise of economic nationalism, the formation of regional trade blocs, the regulation of digital trade, the incorporation of environmental standards, the pursuit of supply chain resilience, and the increasing intersection of trade and geopolitics. The analysis highlights both the positive and negative economic impacts of these shifts, emphasizing the need for balanced, adaptive policy approaches. By understanding these dynamics, governments and businesses can better navigate the complexities of a rapidly changing global trade environment.

The article explores the significant emphasis placed on foreign language education in the Republic of Uzbekistan and discusses the innovative technologies essential for effective language acquisition.

This article analyzes the semantics and linguo-cultural features of the lexeme “head” in German and Uzbek proverbs. It explores the meanings and expressive power of the word “head” in various paremias.

This article analyzes the role of idiomatic expressions in English in intercultural communication and the semantic and stylistic misunderstandings arising from them. It has been shown that the richness of idiomatic units in cultural connotations, their inability to be directly translated, and their dependence on context can lead to misinterpretations and communicative barriers in communication. In the study, based on discourse analysis and stylistic approaches, idiomatic expressions found in mass texts and examples of oral speech in English were analyzed, and their connection with cultural content, stylistic function, and intercultural competence was determined. In conclusion, the necessity of cultural assimilation of idiomatic expressions in the process of language learning and teaching is emphasized.

atmospheric pollution, Navoiy city, Tashkent city, suspended particulate matter, sulfur dioxide (SO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), phenol, hydrogen fluoride (HF), ammonia (NH₃), environmental monitoring, air quality

This article explores the role of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the removal of microorganisms from wastewater, highlighting its mechanism of action, application in treatment processes, and advantages over conventional chemical disinfectants. UV radiation, particularly UV-C light, effectively inactivates bacteria, viruses, and protozoa by damaging their genetic material, preventing replication and infection. The technology offers a chemical-free, rapid, and environmentally friendly approach to disinfection without producing harmful by-products. Despite some operational challenges, such as the need for pre-treatment and energy consumption, UV disinfection has become an integral component of modern wastewater treatment strategies. Emerging advancements, including UV-LEDs and hybrid systems, further enhance its efficiency and sustainability.

This article explores the influence of social media on teenagers’ mental health, behavior, and communication. It examines both the positive aspects—such as creativity, self-expression, and connection with others—and the negative impacts like anxiety, poor sleep, and low self-esteem. Based on real-life cases and research findings, the article aims to raise awareness about the balanced use of social media among young people and suggests practical tips for healthy usage.

This article highlights the portrayal of the female image in modern Uzbek literature as embodied in characters who represent global and national values, and who have been spiritually and psychologically renewed. The female figure is recognized as a key category in literary works, manifested through its aesthetic expressiveness and life-giving qualities. The article analyzes female images in literary works, their specific characteristics, and also reflects the author's attitude. The importance and role of female characters in literature are widely highlighted through the analysis of various works.

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This paper investigates the structural and functional features of complex verb formations in Uzbek and English, aiming to compare their similarities and differences from a linguistic perspective. These complex constructions are vital for expressing modality, aspect, tense, and syntactic connections. While English primarily uses phrasal verbs, auxiliary, and modal verbs to convey detailed meanings, Uzbek, as an agglutinative language, depends on analytical and synthetic techniques such as suffixation and compound verbs. The study begins with a review of key theories related to verbal complexity in both languages, followed by an in-depth examination of verb phrases that include auxiliaries, modals, and particles. Special attention is given to verb serialization, combinations of verbs and adverbs, and the distinction between lexical and grammatical meanings within complex structures. Examples drawn from literary and spoken texts illustrate the analysis. Additionally, the research considers how language typology affects the formation of these structures and explores the difficulties learners face in mastering verb combinations due to these structural differences. The findings reveal that although both languages serve similar grammatical and pragmatic functions, they achieve these through markedly different mechanisms rooted in their structural features. This comparative analysis enhances understanding of language typology, contrastive grammar, and language learning approaches, especially for translators and learners working in bilingual or multilingual settings.

This article analyzes the ongoing reforms aimed at improving the quality of education, existing challenges, possible solutions, and future perspectives. Key areas include the implementation of international standards, improving teacher qualifications, modernizing curricula, and integrating digital technologies. The study also emphasizes the importance of developing effective monitoring and evaluation systems to ensure sustainable progress in educational quality.

This article provides for work on improving the theoretical foundations of modern, affordable, high-quality, and convenient public transport services for passengers in the city of Andijan, improving the management and forecasting of traffic flows, managing traffic flows based on digital technologies, and increasing the efficiency of using the motor transport infrastructure by choosing the most optimal management system.

In this article, the author discusses the content and essence of social media marketing in the marketing system today, its specific aspects, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of social media marketing, and the issues of development through social media marketing platforms.

In the modern educational environment, the use of interactive technologies has become an essential component in teaching and learning foreign languages, particularly English. The integration of technological tools such as mobile applications, interactive platforms, language learning software, and virtual classrooms offers new opportunities for both teachers and learners to make the process more engaging, accessible, and effective. This article explores the role of interactive technologies in enhancing English language learning, examines their benefits and challenges, and highlights practical approaches to their effective integration into the teaching process.

In this article, occupational injuries, occupational diseases occurring in the labor process in all industries and the causes of their occurrence were studied, current issues of prevention were considered, and proposals for the prevention of occupational diseases were developed. As a result of negative factors related to labor activity at production enterprises, employees may be subjected to various occupational diseases or injuries. Such situations negatively affect the efficiency of the enterprise and pose a serious threat to the health of employees. Therefore, creating safe working conditions is one of the most pressing tasks today

This article analyzes the organization of warehouses for storing cement and stone materials, the importance of complying with their technical and environmental requirements. Warehouses serve to preserve the quality of materials and protect them from the effects of moisture and temperature. The warehouse location, ventilation system, and safety measures will also be reviewed. The research results provide practical recommendations for quality assurance and improvement of the material handling process during long-term storage of building materials.

This article analyzes the economic essence and nature of the process of modernizing the management system in higher education. It examines the need to develop the education system in line with modern demands, increase efficiency in training competitive personnel, and attract investment to the sector. Particular attention is given to the importance of digital technologies, public-private partnerships, and the use of market mechanisms in management.

Scientific and pedagogical research aimed at improving the mechanism for organizing the activities of an informatics club based on an acmeological approach is suitable for creating creative projects in small groups under the leadership of the club leader in experimental work aimed at finding a solution to the problem.

This article addresses the types of water sources used for irrigation in agriculture, the hydrological status of these sources, issues related to water quality, quantity, and distribution. It also discusses ways to ensure the environmental safety of water sources, their protection from pollution, ecological monitoring, and sustainable management systems. Evaluations are provided based on the current state of river, groundwater, and reservoir sources, and their long-term effective and safe use directions are substantiated.

This in the article Jadidism movement pedagogical views historical-theoretical in terms of analysis will be done . Newbies education in the system teacher​ of the person spiritual , moral and scientific to the virtues separately attention those who focused . In the article this of views current modern education model , in particular , competency-based approach with wake up aspects is illuminated . The Jadids pedagogical legacy today's the students in preparation important theoretical and practical basis as seeing will be released .

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In this article, the influence of the driver's psychophysiological state on traffic safety is analyzed. The importance of stress, fatigue, distracted attention, and mental state is highlighted. Based on the scientific facts presented in the article, we pointed out the need to improve the psychophysiological state of drivers.

This study examines the role of pedagogical competence as a key factor in enhancing the effectiveness of education. As teaching increasingly demands not only content knowledge but also the ability to manage diverse classrooms, apply reflective practices, and address individual learner needs, pedagogical competence emerges as a multidimensional and dynamic professional capacity. Drawing on educational theories and international research, the paper highlights how competent teachers positively affects student achievement, engagement, and equity. It also emphasizes the need for continuous professional development, institutional support, and policy-level strategies to cultivate pedagogical skills as a core component of educational reform.

This article explores the concept of green infrastructure in urban planning and its key components—eco-friendly transportation, green spaces, and smart city technologies. It analyzes the balance between urbanization and environmental sustainability through international case studies and Uzbekistan’s initiatives. The article also outlines current barriers and provides recommendations for advancing sustainable urban infrastructure.

Abdulla Qodiriy (1894–1938) is recognized as a foundational figure in modern Uzbek literature. Best known for his historical novels “O‘tgan kunlar” and “Mehrobdan chayon”, Qodiriy’s literary legacy spans across genres—prose, journalism, satire, and literary criticism. This article explores the diversity of Qodiriy’s literary output, analyzing how his pen captured the nuances of history, society, identity, and reform through various stylistic and thematic approaches.

This article highlights the importance and role of extracurricular activities in developing reading skills in primary school students. The author analyzes how such activities positively influence children's vocabulary expansion, independent reading habits, text comprehension, and analytical abilities. The research findings show that extracurricular activities significantly contribute to students’ academic success.

This study explores the comparative effects of AI-generated authentic dialogues and traditionally scripted textbook conversations on listening engagement among Uzbek EFL learners. As textbook dialogues often lack spontaneity and contextual depth, the integration of AI-powered conversational tools, such as ChatGPT, presents a novel opportunity to simulate realistic speech for listening practice. Sixty upper-intermediate students participated in a four-week intervention where one group listened to AI-generated conversations designed to reflect real-world communication, while the control group used conventional textbook dialogues. Findings revealed that students exposed to AI-generated dialogues demonstrated higher levels of attention, motivation, and comprehension, particularly in interpreting speaker intent and conversational nuances. Qualitative data indicated that learners perceived AI content as more natural, dynamic, and relatable, contributing to increased emotional and cognitive engagement. However, challenges included the need for pedagogical adaptation of AI content to align with proficiency levels and curriculum goals. Overall, the study supports the integration of AI-generated listening materials as a means of enhancing authenticity and engagement in EFL listening instruction, provided that appropriate instructional support is in place.

The increasing integration of educational technology (EdTech) into the language learning process has significantly transformed vocabulary acquisition. This study investigates the role of digital tools such as mobile applications, gamified platforms, and interactive learning environments in enriching students’ English lexicon. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, we evaluated vocabulary development among secondary school students exposed to technology-based instruction. The results indicate a notable improvement in vocabulary retention, motivation, and active usage. These findings highlight the potential of EdTech to reshape traditional language teaching methodologies.

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 This article analyzes the relationship between the teacher's pedagogical skills and the integration of modern technologies in the process of interactive organization of lesson processes. The article highlights the effectiveness of interactive methods, the role of digital tools in teaching, as well as the importance of the teacher's reflective approach in increasing the activity of learners. According to the results of the study, organizing a lesson in combination with high pedagogical training and technological knowledge has a significant positive impact on the level of student learning.

This article explores the effectiveness of a multisensory approach in supporting the cognitive development of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Cognitive difficulties such as challenges in attention, memory, and executive functioning are common in children with ASD and can significantly impact their learning process. A multisensory approach—integrating visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and kinesthetic stimuli—offers an alternative and inclusive strategy to engage these children more effectively. The paper analyzes current research findings, practical applications in special education settings, and the role of special education professionals (defectologists) in implementing multisensory interventions. It concludes that individualized multisensory strategies can enhance engagement, improve cognitive functions, and foster more meaningful learning experiences for children with autism.

 This article explores innovative methods of teaching children’s literature through the integration of the STEAM approach—Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics. The aim is to enhance students’ critical thinking, creativity, and interdisciplinary understanding by combining literary analysis with problem-solving and project-based learning. The study examines how the STEAM framework can enrich literature education and foster meaningful engagement among young learners.

The article comparatively examines the widespread use and development of Maxtumquli's traditions in the works of contemporary Karakalpak poet S. Ibragimov.

Understanding the physical meaning behind complex graphs is a critical skill in physics education, particularly in topics such as electromagnetic waves where multiple parameters—such as electric field strength, magnetic flux, and frequency—interact dynamically. This study investigates the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) tools, including large language models and graph-interpreting algorithms, to assist students in interpreting and analyzing such complex visual data. By integrating AI into classroom instruction, learners are guided through the process of decoding waveforms, identifying physical properties, and making predictions based on graphical data. The research highlights improved comprehension, enhanced engagement, and the development of scientific reasoning skills when AI is used to support graph-based learning in physics.