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PESTS OF FRUIT ORCHARDS AND MEASURES FOR THEIR CONTROL
Zafarjon M. Ernazarov
, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Biology
Kokand State University, Uzbekistan
E-mail:
zafarbek1985@gmail.com. ORCID:
0009-0009-5844-3852
Shoirakhon R. Toshmatova
, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Biology
Kokand State University, Uzbekistan
e-mail:
shoiraxon@gmail.com ORCID:
0009-0009-1535-0701
Khilola E. Ernazarova
, PhD
Lecturer, Department of English Language and Literature
Kokand State University, Uzbekistan
e-mail:
ORCID: 0009-0005-4634-9122
Abstract:
In this article, the main sucking pests found in the fruit orchards of the Fergana Valley,
particularly in the city of Kokand and its neighboring regions, are studied, including their
biology, ecology, and damage potential. The impact of pest activity on plant leaves, fruit quality,
and overall yield has been analyzed. In addition, the effectiveness of entomophages and their role
in biological control have been discussed.
Keywords:
pest, aphids, entomophage, pomegranate worm, fruit orchard, biological control,
ecological analysis.
Introduction.
The unique fertility of Uzbekistan's soil is one of its most important characteristics, making it
possible for the country to become a powerful agro-industrial nation.
Favorable climatic conditions and the practice of irrigated agriculture have created excellent
conditions for the development of powerful enterprises that process agricultural raw materials in
the republic.
Uzbekistan has long been a country of irrigated agriculture. Irrigated farming is the foundation of
the country's food independence and a major source of export products. The republic is a leader
among CIS countries in the production of fruits and vegetables, grapes, silk cocoons, karakul
pelts, and wool.
Unique natural and climatic conditions allow for multiple harvests of potatoes, vegetables, and
other crops throughout the year. Combined with the existing material and technical production
base, this enables the supply of fresh and canned varieties of fruits and vegetables. These
products not only meet the needs of the population of the republic but also supply people in
many other countries.
The main group of pests in fruit orchards consists of sucking insects, particularly aphids, which
cause the leaves of plants to rot, wilt, lose pigmentation, and in some cases curl, while the fruits
become poor in quality, small, and dehydrated.
To eliminate problems related to sharp declines in yield, research has been carried out to study
the distribution, biology, and damaging characteristics of sucking pests [7,8].
Fruit trees are among the most pest-affected crops. The long vegetation period of fruit trees and
the diversity of food sources for insects (leaves, stems, fruits, roots, flowers) create suitable
conditions for various pest species to thrive. In orchards, both polyphagous sucking and chewing
species cause damage. These include aphids, spider mites, coccids, scale insects, fruit borers,
moths, and caterpillars [4].
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Since gaining independence, Uzbekistan has placed great importance on improving the
population’s living standards and fully meeting food demands. In this context, it is especially
important to study the species composition, bioecology, and effective control methods of pests,
as well as the nature of the damage they cause.
Literature Review.
The study of insects in various regions gained momentum in the early 20th century. In particular,
research on pests affecting fruit orchards began. Works by V. Plotnikov (1911), V.P. Nevskiy
(1929), I.V. Vasilev (1910), P.P. Arkhangelskiy (1917) are of great importance.
In addition, fundamental research on entomofauna was conducted by A.G. Davletshina, M.M.
Doniyorova, R.P. Rakauskas, Ye.I. Valentyuk, G.Kh. Shaposhnikov, A.A. Sharov, L.S.
Nekrasova, G.A. Arutyunyan, A.P. Barannik, and D.A. Belov [2][1,3].
The scientific work of V.V. Yakhontov is both practically and theoretically significant and
focuses on studying various pest insects and methods of combating them [5].
Research by M.N. Narziqulov, A.A. Mukhammadiev, and M.Kh. Akhmedov on aphids has laid
the foundation for a current scientific school [9,10].
In his books "Zoology," "Invertebrate Zoology," "Biology," "Interesting Biology," and others,
O.M. Mavlonov pays special attention to the insect world.
In 2004, A.A. Korotkova defended a doctoral dissertation on the adaptation features of
entomocomplexes under urbanization, using Tula city as an example. The author presented
scientific data on how different ecological conditions influence insect communities and their
adaptation to local environments.
Currently, various entomological studies are being carried out at our university as well. Notable
contributions come from M. Yunusov, Kh.Kh. Ganiev, I.I. Zokirov, M. Shermatov, Sh.
Yuldasheva, Sh. Toshmatova, and others [6].
It should be noted that although many valuable theoretical and practical studies have been
conducted, entomocomplexes as independent research objects have not been thoroughly studied.
Study of Orchard Pests and Control Measures.
Determining the species composition and food spectrum of orchard pests;
Analyzing the seasonal changes in the quantitative density of pest species;
Studying the damaging features of pests and analyzing changes in host plants caused by pest
activity;
Identifying seriously damaging species and studying their biology, ecological features, and life
cycles;
Investigating the activity of common pests such as the pomegranate moth in both general
orchards and dedicated pomegranate plantations.
Research Findings and Analysis.
The results of this study contribute to expanding knowledge on the biology and ecology of
harmful and beneficial insect species in fruit orchards, the damage caused by phytophagous
species, and the role of beneficial insects in regulating pest populations.
Studying the life processes of orchard pests based on local conditions and analyzing the seasonal
characteristics of sucking and chewing pests may help resolve certain theoretical issues in this
area.
Examining the activity and effectiveness of entomophages (natural enemies of pests) in orchards
can partially reduce the need for chemical control methods, making it possible to grow eco-
friendly fruits, improve human health, and potentially increase life expectancy.
Research on the activity of the pomegranate moth in both orchards and dedicated plantations can
serve as a guideline for pomegranate growers.
This scientific research was based on observations and investigations conducted in Kokand city
and surrounding areas. Field experiments on the seasonal development biology and ecology of
aphids, scale insects, polyphagous and specialized pests, and beneficial entomophages were
carried out in areas where apple, quince, pear, and pomegranate trees are grown.
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Monitoring was carried out from the appearance of aphids on plant surfaces until late autumn.
Studies of pest and beneficial entomophage populations were conducted using standard
entomological methods. Data collection occurred every 15–20 days.
On each of the four sides of selected fruit trees, a 10 cm section of a branch was inspected for
sucking pests, their quantity, and the presence of natural enemies such as predators,
entomophages, and parasites.
Field data were recorded in a special observation journal, noting the date, tree and branch
number, vegetative state of the plant, and any changes in the plant.
Alongside field observations, samples of pests and beneficial entomophages were collected in
alcohol-filled test tubes. A total of 56 permanent preparations were made in the laboratory using
standard procedures. The species composition of the pests was identified.
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