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CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF ISOPHALO COMPOUNDS IN
“BABURNAMA”
Yulduz Faxriddinovna Zayniyeva
PhD student, Tashkent State University of Uzbek
Language and Literature, Uzbekistan
Abstract:
This article analyzes isophaloic compounds found in the work “Baburnama”. Various
classifications of isophaloic compounds, their linguistic structure and semantic features are
highlighted, and their functional functions in the work are studied. The study considers the
syntactic forms, semantic aspects and pragmatic role of isophaloic compounds. Also, the specific
features of the language of “Baburnama”, the stylistic significance of isophaloic compounds in
the work are analyzed. The article provides additional scientific information on isophaloic
compounds in the field of Uzbek linguistics and literary studies and serves to in-depth study of
historical language materials.
Keywords:
Isophaloic compounds, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, stylistic features, Uzbek
linguistics, historical language
Introduction:
“Baburnama” is one of the most important sources of Uzbek and Turkic literature
in general, written by the great statesman, poet and historian of the Middle Ages, Zahiriddin
Muhammad Babur. This work is of great importance not only as a historical document, but also
from the point of view of linguistics and literary studies. The richness, complexity and originality
of the language used in “Baburnama”, in particular, the abundance of isophaloic compounds and
their diverse use, have been a source of constant interest for researchers.
Isophaloic compounds are syntactic units consisting of two or more words in the dictionary, one
word of which performs the function of clarifying, describing or limiting the meaning of another
word. Isophaloic compounds in the syntactic system of the language are of great importance in
increasing the clarity and expressiveness of the text, and through them the writer’s imagery and
style are clearly manifested. Especially in historical and literary works such as “Baburnama”,
through isophaloic compounds, one can obtain valuable information about the specific features
of the language of the period, cultural and educational views, as well as the speech culture of the
creator.
Ziyoda Teshaboyeva is one of the scholars who deeply analyzed the linguistic features of the
“Baburnama” in her scientific research. In her opinion, the isophalitic compounds found in
“Baburnama” not only enrich the semantic layer of the work, but also clearly demonstrate the
syntactic and stylistic features of the medieval Uzbek language.
Teshaboyeva pays special attention to their structural and semantic aspects when classifying
isophalitic compounds. She writes that the isophalitic compounds found in “Baburnama” show
how interconnected words are used as functional units, which serves to form the unique language
style of the work. She also believes that through isophalitic compounds, the cultural and social
aspects of the Babur era are also mentioned, since they are tools that reflect the life and
imagination of the era.
Teshaboyeva also emphasizes the pragmatic role of isophalitic compounds in “Baburnama”.
According to her, these compounds serve to further clarify the meaning of the text, revive the
image in the reader, and increase the impact. This aspect raises the "Baburnama" to a higher
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level not only as a historical, but also as a work of art.
In general, Ziyoda Teshaboyeva emphasizes that the study of isophane compounds in the
"Baburnama" from the perspective of linguistics and literary studies is an important scientific
source for further deepening the analysis of the work, as well as for a better understanding of the
development of the medieval Uzbek language.
This article studies the classification of isophaloic compounds found in “Baburnama” and their
functional-descriptive properties. The study covers the structural, semantic and pragmatic aspects
of isophaloic compounds, their role and tasks in the work. Also, various types of these syntactic
units and their means of expression are analyzed, revealing the linguistic peculiarities of the
“Baburnama” language. The results of the study provide additional information in the fields of
Uzbek linguistics and literary studies, as well as serve to further study historical language
sources.
Main part:
Isophaloic compounds are syntactic units consisting of two or more words, one of
which is the main word, and the other is used in a defining or limiting sense. In linguistics,
isophaloic compounds are important in studying the syntax and semantic aspects of the language.
They provide clarity, expressiveness and originality in speech. In historical texts such as the
"Baburnama", isophaneal compounds show the structure and style of the language of that period.
The topic of isophalitic compounds in “Boburnoma” has attracted the attention of many scholars
in the fields of linguistics and literary studies. In their opinion, these syntactic units increase the
significance of the work not only linguistically, but also culturally and historically.
Akbarov (2003) emphasizes the important role of isophalitic compounds in studying the specific
features of the language of “Boburnoma”. He notes that with the help of isophalitic compounds it
is possible to determine Babur’s stylistic skills and the expressive capabilities of his language.
According to Akbarov, isophalitic compounds are the main tool for expressing Babur’s thoughts
more clearly and effectively.
Toshpulatova (2010) analyzes isophalitic compounds semantically and pragmatically, showing
their close connection with the artistic images and cultural context in “Boburnoma”. She
emphasizes that isophalitic compounds are often used in the work in a figurative sense, which
gives the text greater liveliness and depth.
Rakhmonov (2015) deeply analyzes the linguistic structure of isophalitic compounds and states
that they reflect the syntactic features of the medieval Uzbek language. He emphasizes that the
complex isophalitic compounds in “Boburnoma” can be used to see the linguistic peculiarities of
the period and expresses his opinion on the scientific basis for their classification.
Yuldashev (2018) connects isophalitic compounds with words from Arabic and Persian used in
“Boburnoma” and studies their role in the process of translation and language adaptation. In his
study, isophalitic compounds are evaluated as important indicators of cultural and linguistic
historical processes.
The opinions of these scholars show that isophalitic compounds in “Boburnoma” are an
important tool not only for studying the syntactic and semantic structure of the language, but also
for understanding achievements in the field of historical culture and literature. Therefore, in-
depth research on this topic will make a great contribution to the development of linguistics.
Isophaneal compounds found in the "Baburnama" can be divided into several groups based on
structure and semantics:
Simplified isophanes - compounds consisting of a simple headword and a determiner (for
example, "good man", "big city").
Complex isophanes - compounds consisting of many words, expanded by additional words or
suffixes (for example, "an old and long-lived city").
Opposite isophanes - compounds formed with determiners in the opposite or opposite meaning to
the headword.
Metaphorical isophanes - compounds whose meaning is transferable and whose function is to
determine through figurative expressions.
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The syntactic structure of isophane compounds is often determined by the relationship between
the main word and the word that defines it. In “Baburnama”, this structure is close to the
traditional Uzbek language, but complex units borrowed from Arabic and Persian languages
are also found. Semantically, isophanes serve to clarify the meaning, limit the concept,
or increase its expressiveness. Sometimes they are interpreted differently depending on the
context, which is important for pragmatic analysis.
In “Baburnama”, isophanes enrich the style of the work, add liveliness and expressiveness to the
text. Babur skillfully used isophanes in his writing style, through which he expressed his
thoughts more clearly and effectively. For example, natural landscapes, human characters, or
details of events are described in detail and vividly with the help of isophanes. This helps the
work to leave a deep impression on the reader.
The isophalitic compounds found in “Baburnama” reveal the historical and cultural aspects of
the medieval Uzbek language. With their help, one can study the morphological, lexical and
syntactic features of the language of that period. There is also valuable information about
isophalitic compounds related to terms borrowed from Arabic and Persian languages, and how
they were adapted in the Uzbek language.
Analysis: The isophalitic compounds found in “Baburnama” often consist of a headword and a
defining word or word combination. The headword can be a noun or a verb, and the defining
word can be an adjective, numeral, demonstrative or other words. For example, in the
combination “go‘zal bog‘”, “bog‘” is the headword, and “go‘zal” is the defining adjective. Thus,
isophalitic compounds enrich the syntactic structure of the text and increase the clarity of
meaning.
The main function of isophane compounds is to clarify or narrow the meaning of the main word.
In “Baburnama”, many compounds have figurative and figurative meanings. For example, the
compound “blue sky” is used both in a literal and figurative sense. This increases the stylistic
richness of the work and leaves a deep impression on the reader.
Isophatic compounds in “Baburnama” are closely related to the culture, customs and historical
events of that time. For example, isophanes formed with terms borrowed from Arabic and
Persian languages reflect the cultural and scientific ties of Babur’s era. This shows the
development of the medieval Uzbek language and its interaction with other languages.
Isophatic compounds play an important role in Babur’s writing style. With their help, events are
expressed more vividly, clearly and figuratively. For example, isophanes used in the description
of natural landscapes or battle scenes evoke a clear imagination in the reader. At the same time,
they give the text rhythm and tone, adding artistic beauty to the work.
The study of isophane compounds in the "Baburnama" helps to understand not only the historical
language, but also the development of the Uzbek language today. These analyses are an
important source for translators and linguists, serving to improve terminological and stylistic
aspects.
Conclusion:
“Baburnama” is a work of unique importance among Uzbek literature and historical
sources, which allows for an in-depth study of the language and culture of the Middle Ages. This
article analyzes in detail various classifications of isophalomatic compounds in “Baburnama”
and their linguistic features. It was found that isophalomatic compounds are an important tool in
clarifying the meaning of the main word, increasing the expressive power, and ensuring the
stylistic richness of the work.
The analysis showed that isophalomatic compounds found in “Baburnama” are structurally
divided into simple and complex forms, and semantically have literal and metaphorical meanings,
which enrich the content and artistic aspects of the text. Within the historical and cultural context,
isophalomatic compounds reflect the linguistic features of that period, as well as the interaction
of language with terms borrowed from Arabic and Persian.
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At the same time, the isophalitic compounds in “Baburnama” not only shed light on the historical
development of the Uzbek language, but also represent an important scientific source that can be
used in modern linguistics and translation practice. Their methodological and pragmatic role is of
particular importance in shaping the artistic image of the work.
In the future, it is important to continue research on a deeper study of linguistic units in
“Baburnama” and other historical sources, to categorize isophalitic compounds and determine
their place in the history of the language, as well as to adapt them to the modern Uzbek language.
This opens up new opportunities not only in linguistics, but also in the fields of cultural studies
and historiography.
In general, the study of isophalitic compounds in “Baburnama” is an important scientific study
that serves to understand the richness and historical roots of the Uzbek language, and it will
remain the main source for developing new theoretical and practical approaches in the field of
linguistics.
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