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METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF NONIONIC SURFACTANTS USING LOCAL
RAW MATERIALS
Jadilova Dilnavoz Abdulaziz kizi
Almalyk branch of Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov
Abstract:
This article studies the effect of temperature on aqueous solutions in the production of
nonionic surfactants based on local raw materials. It analyzes how an increase in temperature
affects the micelle structure and stability of surfactants, as well as their interaction with water.
The study highlights the role of temperature in increasing or decreasing the surface activity of
surfactants, their efficiency and product quality. Proper control of the role of temperature in the
production of surfactants based on local raw materials is important for obtaining high-quality and
environmentally friendly products.
Keywords:
local raw materials, nonionic surfactants, aqueous solution, temperature effect,
micelle structure, surface activity, chemical industry, control technologies
Introduction.
Surfactants are substances that occur at the interface of liquids and provide a
decrease in the surface area. Nonionic surfactants, in turn, are chemical compounds that do not
have an electrical charge, that is, are non-ionized. They are widely used in a number of industrial
processes, including cleaning, the formation of emulsions and dispersions, as well as in the
cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food industries. Interesting research is being conducted in the
field of obtaining nonionic surfactants based on domestic raw materials. The effect of
temperature in aqueous solutions has a significant impact on the effectiveness and quality of
surfactants. Understanding the effect of temperature on the physicochemical properties of
surfactants, including their cryogenic and static properties, is one of the important factors in the
production of high-quality products. Nonionic surfactants are distinguished by their unique
properties. One of their main properties is the ability to emulsify compounds in aqueous
solutions and reduce surface forces. These properties are especially important for substances
produced on the basis of local raw materials. As local raw materials, plants and animals, as well
as other natural resources, such as oils and xylenes, are widely used. In many works, for example,
by K. Holmberg or A. Adamson, the effect of temperature on aqueous solutions of surfactants is
determined depending on their type. The solubility of ionic surfactants increases sharply when a
certain temperature (or rather, a narrow temperature range) is reached. The temperature at which
the almost unlimited solubility of the surfactant begins is called the Krafft point (Tcr) by the
name of the scientist who first drew attention to this phenomenon. The almost unlimited increase
in solubility is associated with the micellization of surfactants, while the concentration of
individual molecules of surfactants changes slightly. The phase diagram of a surfactant solution
in the Krafft point region is shown in Figure 1.5.
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Figure 1 Phase diagram of the solution state of surfactants forming micelles. Quasicrystalline (A),
true solution (B), micelles (C)
The curves in Figure 1 delimit the state of the surfactant in the quasicrystalline (A) and micellar
(C) states from the region of its true solution (B), where the surfactant is in a molecularly
dispersed state. The Krafft point is interpreted as the triple point at which molecules, micelles,
and surfactant crystals coexist in equilibrium [2]. For most nonionic surfactants, solubility
decreases with increasing temperature, and above a certain temperature, called the cloud point
TP, nonionic surfactants are removed from solutions in the form of.
A separate macrophase due to the dehydration of their molecules. The solubility of ionic
surfactants, on the contrary, increases with increasing temperature. As a result of the opposite
dependence of the solubility of nonionic surfactants and ionic surfactants on temperature, the
temperature dependence of the CMC of these surfactants is also inverse (Figure 2).
One of the most important properties of micellar systems is their solubility of various compounds.
Solubilization is the ability of surfactant solutions with a concentration above the CMC to
dissolve substances that are slightly or completely insoluble in a pure solvent. Micellar solubility
occurs spontaneously, is accompanied by a decrease in the free energy of the system and leads to
the formation of thermodynamic 18. As noted in the introduction, the principles of detergent
action, first formulated by P. Rebinder in 1935 in the work “Physicochemical action of
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detergents” [1], have undergone almost no changes to the present day. In most studies, the
washing effect of surfactants is studied on the example of washing fabrics with the aim of
developing more effective synthetic detergent compositions (CMC) [1, 5]. Contaminants that are
firmly retained in tissues are usually fatty products (animal fats, fatty acids, petroleum products
and many other substances, including dust particles, soot, etc.). The cleaning action is defined as
the ability of detergents and their solutions to remove foreign particles or contaminants adhering
to various surfaces (fabric, metal, etc.) and bring them into suspension.
-Due to dispersion, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen, chemical and covalent, contaminant
particles are retained on the surface. Covalent bonding can only be destroyed by a chemical
reaction, as a result of which an adsorption layer of the surfactant is formed on the surface of the
contaminant and the contaminant passes into an activated state. The adsorption layer of
surfactants spreads along microcracks. Surfactants penetrate into the adhesive contact areas
between the contaminant and the surface, the contaminant is released into the dispersion medium
together with the hydrocarbon radical of the surfactant, the particles are crushed, the contaminant
is hydrophilized, separated from the substrate and stabilized. washing solution. As a result, the
contamination is retained in the volume of the washing solution and its redeposition on the
washed surface is prevented. All washing processes are associated with a strong mechanical
effect on contaminants, and the contribution of mechanical action can reach 60-80% of the total
cleaning effect. The limiting processes in the washing effect are also the desorption of
contaminants and their accumulation in micelles [3]. A lot of research is being conducted to
create more effective synthetic and natural detergents [4]. In this case, the concentration of the
detergent component is usually 10-15 g / l.
In many domestic and foreign works of recent decades, the detergent effect of surfactants has
been studied, as well as with a view to their use in physicochemical methods to enhance oil
recovery. These works mainly study the ability of existing and newly synthesized surfactants to
reduce the interfacial tension of water at the interface with oil, reduce contact angles, and
dissolve oil. Work is being carried out to model the processes that occur when flooding layers
with surfactant solutions and combining flooding layers with surfactant solutions with other
methods of increasing oil recovery (gas, biological, etc.). There is information on the results of
laboratory and experimental tests using surfactant solutions. The mechanism of leaching of
contaminants is considered to be primarily associated with a decrease in the Sma values and
a decrease in the physical contact angle due to the penetration of surfactant particles into the
space between the contaminants. particles and the substrate, which leads to a decrease in the
interaction of these particles with the surface of a solid div. In this case, it is believed that thin
layers of oil contaminants should gradually “wrap” into balls, which are then easily removed [1-
3]. As a result, the cleaning effect of surfactant solutions is reduced to the removal of certain
“microballs” of contaminants from the surface of a solid div (Fig. 1.8).
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Nonionic surfactants, often in aqueous solutions, have amphiphilic properties, with one side
being hydrophilic, i.e., well soluble in water, and the other side being lipophobic, close to the
fatty part of liquids. Due to these properties, they work effectively in creating emulsion and
dispersion systems. The effect of temperature on aqueous solutions significantly affects the
physicochemical properties of surfactants. An increase in temperature can change the critical
micelle concentration (CMC) of surfactants, which reduces or increases their surface activity.
CMC is also one of the important parameters determining the active concentration of surfactants
in solution. With increasing temperature, the kinetic energy between molecules increases, which
changes their interaction with each other. As a result, the molecular structure of surfactants and
their interaction with water change. Increasing temperature often changes the micelle structure
and stability of the surfactant, which affects the quality and useful properties of the emulsion.
The effect of temperature is especially noticeable in solution systems of nonionic surfactants at
high temperatures. At high temperatures, their surface active forces can decrease or increase,
which affects the efficiency of the process.
A number of works are devoted to considering the mechanism of “coagulation” of oil
contaminants into spheres [5]. It is believed that this occurs due to the “shortening” of the three-
phase solid-oil-water contact line, which, in turn, is associated with the penetration (diffusion) of
water molecules between the oil droplet and the solid phase. In the literature, this process is
called the diffusion mechanism of oil exfoliation [6] or the “twisting” mechanism of the
interphase boundary. There are many experimental indications that water can spread and
accumulate on the surface of glass (dioxide and silica), on which silica forms a gel layer. It was
suggested that water molecules from the gel layer at the water-glass interface penetrate the oil-
water interface by diffusion, at least in the immediate vicinity of the contact line. The dynamics
of the formation of a water film between the oil phase and the solid have been directly observed.
After the formation of such a breaking water film, even a weak shear flow is able to separate the
oil droplet from the solid surface, and also found evidence that water molecules can spread in a
thin layer on the solid surface by lateral diffusion. In the years, the important conditions for the
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separation of oil droplets from the substrate due to the instability of the shape of the oil-water
boundary have been studied. Although the mechanism of oil separation has been studied by
many authors, it has been concluded that important details of this process at the molecular level
remain unclear.
In the work of V.I. Pochernikov, the washing process is presented as a complex, multifactorial
process, depending on the nature and concentration of contaminants, the chemical composition
and morphology of the washed surface, the nature and concentration of micelles. -forming
surfactant (or mixture of surfactants), the presence of auxiliary components (electrolytes,
complexing agents, anti-resorbants), the temperature of the washing bath, the conditions of
selective wetting in three-phase contact; on the intensity and duration of the applied mechanical
work, on the stability of the dispersion of contamination formed during washing and its ability to
heterocoagulate on the surface of the substrate. Moreover, it is noted that many of these factors
are interconnected. In the preparation of nonionic surfactants based on local raw materials, it is
very important to correctly control the effect of temperature. Temperature control plays a major
role in obtaining high-quality products, ensuring their long-term stability and increasing the
efficiency of processing processes. It is necessary to properly analyze the temperature changes
and associated chemical changes during the production process of surfactants using local
resources. Local raw materialsStudies on the effect of temperature on aqueous solutions in the
production of nonionic surfactants based on raw materials can lead to new achievements in the
chemical industry. The effect of temperature on the micelle structure, activity level and stability
of surfactants is of great importance in optimizing the production process and obtaining high-
quality products. These studies also help to increase the efficiency of the production of nonionic
surfactants and demonstrate the advantages of using environmentally friendly and local raw
materials.
Conclusion. This study aims to study the effect of temperature on aqueous solutions in the
production of nonionic surfactants based on local raw materials. The results of the study show
that changes in temperature have a significant effect on the micelle structure, surface activity and
their stability of surfactants. With increasing temperature, the critical micelle concentration
(CMC) of surfactants can change, which can increase or decrease their effectiveness.
Temperature control in the production of surfactants based on local raw materials plays an
important role in improving process efficiency and product quality. At the same time, the effect
of temperature on the physicochemical properties of nonionic surfactants further increases their
importance in the production of environmentally friendly and sustainable products. Studies show
that by controlling temperature, it is possible to improve the quality of nonionic surfactants and
expand their industrial applications.
References
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