https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi
volume 4, issue 5, 2025
1252
FEATURES OF WORD COMBINATIONS IN OFFICIAL TEXTS
Kosimova Mukammalxon Umaraliyevna
A teacher of FerSU, PhD in Philology
Abstract:
This article explores the structural features of word combinations in official texts in
Uzbek and English. It highlights the grammatical and syntactic differences rooted in the
typological nature of both languages—agglutinative versus analytical. The study analyzes noun
and verb word combinations, their formation through subordination, and the role of suffixes,
word order, and prepositions. It also examines translation parallels and specific usage patterns in
formal documentation and correspondence.
Introduction
The topic of word combinations is a broad and sometimes controversial topic, which has been
analyzed extensively and various definitions have been given. A word combination is a syntactic
structure formed as a result of combining two or more independent words based on a subordinate
grammatical connection (adaptation, governance, or adjunction), denoting the name of objects
and phenomena in reality. Thus, a word combination is formed on the basis of the subordination
of one of two words to another, consisting of dominant and subordinate words. "A word
combination expresses a broader concept than a word, that is, it describes and characterizes an
object or action, or also indicates the object of action."
Main part
In the Uzbek language, we can encounter the view that a word combination (so’z birikmasi) is a
unit between a word and a sentence. In English, the unit we call a word combination (so’z
birikmasi) is represented by several units. These are word combinations and collocations. "Word
combinations are combinations of two or more grammatically related words."
. For example,
hard work (hard work), this contract (this contract), both sides (both sides), health certificate
(health certificate). And the collocations has its own connection both grammatically and
semantically, and sometimes its use in this way may be incomprehensible to us. For example,
doing business - do business, make is not business, but both do and make mean to do. That is
why we used both of them for analysis.
In the Uzbek language, word combinations are divided into two groups depending on which part
of speech the dominant word is expressed by: noun and verb. The composition of noun word
combinations can consist of various units, in particular, nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns,
adverbs, verbal nouns, onomatopoeic words, and interjections. The components of noun word
combinations can be connected by methods of mutual adjunction and adaptation. The method of
governance is mainly characteristic of verbal combinations, and sometimes in noun word
combinations.
The formation of word combinations in English is not the same as in Uzbek. The reason is that
Uzbek and English belong to different language families, therefore their methods of forming
grammatical forms are different. For example, the Uzbek language is an agglutinative language.
In it, words consist of roots and affixes, which perform a certain function in the sentence and
express grammatical meaning. In a sentence, words are connected to each other through various
suffixes along with word order, and the connection in a phrase is almost the same.
1
Муҳиддинова Х., Худойберганова Д., Умиров И. Ҳозирги ўзбек адабий тили. – Тошкент: Ўқитувчи, 2006. -
Б 133.
2
Rasulova M.I., Shukurova Z.I.. Comparative typology of English, Uzbek and Russian languages. – Tashkent, 2017.
– P.107
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volume 4, issue 5, 2025
1253
That is, the words in word combinations are in a subordinate and dominant relationship, and this
relationship is reflected in the form of suffixes and no suffixes. We can see that cordinating and
adaptive word combinations are based entirely on a suffix. English, on the other hand, is an
inflectional-analytical language, in which the grammatical connection of words with each other
is mainly carried out with the help of word order and auxiliary words, that is, prepositions. Thus,
in the English language, there are two main types of word formation: through word order and
through prepositions.
Below, word combinations found in the texts of documents in two languages are analyzed based
on their structural connection.
When words are connected by the adjunction method, they are connected without conjunctions,
that is, on the basis of word order. The noun+noun component type of such compounds is very
common in documents. In this case, two words belonging to the noun part of speech appear in
the form of an attribute-adjective and are connected without a suffix. From our research, it
became known that the following compounds are actively used in information documents and
official correspondence:
Hisob raqam, xo‘jalik shartnoma, meros jamg‘arma, omonat daftarcha,
ijro varaqasi/yozuvi, turmush o‘rtoq.
Below, phrases found in the texts of documents in two languages are analyzed based on their
structural connection.
When words are connected by the adjunction method, they are connected without conjunctions,
that is, on the basis of word order. The noun+noun component type of such compounds is very
common in documents. In this case, two words belonging to the noun part of speech appear in
the form of an attribute-adjective and are connected without a suffix. From our research, it
became known that the following compounds are actively used in information documents and
official correspondence:
Hisob raqam, xo‘jalik shartnoma, meros jamg‘arma, omonat daftarcha,
ijro varaqasi/yozuvi, turmush o‘rtoq.
It is noteworthy that in some of these word combinations, as in adaptive word combinations,
sometimes the definite possessive suffixes -i, -si can be used:
da’vo arizasi, pul jamgʻamasi,
Fuqarolik kodeksi, xizmat safari.
However, despite the presence of possessive suffixes, these word combinations cannot be
classified as adaptive word combinations. This situation is called Turkic izafet in Uzbek
linguistics. Turkic izafet word combinations are often found in the language of documents.
Bank
omonat kassa
dagi … raqamda saqlanayotgan
pul jamg‘armasi
ni … ga vasiyat qilib
qoldiraman.
(arizadan)
“Agar
qonun hujjatlari
da boshqacha tartib nazarda tutilgan bo‘lmasa, …
(Da’vo arizasidan)
“…gacha mazkur summani menga toʻlamasangiz, men notarial idoraga murojaat etib,
ijro
yozuvi
ni olishga majbur bo‘lishim haqida Sizni ogohlantiraman”
. (arizadan)
In English, noun word combinations that connect without suffixes are connected to each other in
a sentence in accordance with word order. The dominant word in noun collocations or nominal
word combinations is usually a noun or adjective. Noun phrases in English can also be divided
into adjoining phrases, that is, phrases that connect without any suffixes, and prepositional
phrases:
business plan (biznes reja), market share (bozor ulushi), budget increase (byudjetni
oshirish), delivery date (yetkazib berish sanasi), bank loan (bank krediti), price list (narxlar
ro‘yxati), trade discount (savdo chegirmasi), cash discount (naqd pulga chegirma), balance
sheet (balanslar varaqasi), company policy (kompaniya siyosati), customer base (mijozlar
bazasi), customer service (mijozlarga xizmat ko‘rsatish), market leader (bozor yo‘lboshchisi),
product launch (mahsulotni sotuvga chiqarish), product placement (mahsulotni joylashtirish),
security blanket (xavfsizlik yostig‘i), contract payment (shartnoma to‘lovi), credit card (plastic
karta).
3
https://yurxizmat.uz/uz/document/36
4
Aminov M., Madvaliyev A., Mahkamov N., Odilov Y. Davlat tilida ish yuritish. Amaliy qo‘llanma. – Toshkent:
O‘zbekiston, 2020. – B. 184.
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volume 4, issue 5, 2025
1254
“In June of 2015 I painted your home for a contract price of $10,000.”
(from a complaint letter)
– 2015-yil iyun oyida sizning uyingizni $10 000lik shartnoma narxida ta’mirladim.
(shikoyat
xatidan)
“You are requested to return all company property, including your car, cell phone, and ID
badge, before the end of the day.”
(
from a letter of termination of employment)
- Sizdan
kompaniyaning barcha mol-mulkini, jumladan, mashinangiz, uyali telefoningiz va shaxsiy
guvohnomangizni kun oxirigacha qaytarishingiz soʻraladi.
(ishdan bo‘shatish haqidagi xatdan)
“Unfortunately, the order confirmation e-mail that they eventually sent me quoted a delivery
date of sometime in August.”
Afsuski, ular menga yuborgan buyurtmani tasdiqlovchi elektron
pochta xabarida avgust oyida yetkazib berish sanasi ko‘rsatilgan.
If we pay attention, we can see that word combinations that combine by the method of adaptation
in the Uzbek language, when translated into English, turn into phrases that combine without any
auxiliary means. For example,
company property – kompaniyaning mulki
.
Conclusion
The combination of words in Uzbek and English phrases is characteristic of both languages.
Although both languages have word combinations connected through word order without any
suffixes, there are also specific types of connections unique to each. For example, in Uzbek word
combinations, the subordinate word is mainly connected to the main word through case endings
and postpositions, while in English, we have observed that prepositions perform this function.
Additionally, in the Uzbek language, the governing word comes after the subordinate word,
whereas in English, it is the opposite - the governing word precedes the subordinate word. This
pattern can be observed in both noun and verb word combinations.
References
1.
Муҳиддинова Х., Худойберганова Д., Умиров И. Ҳозирги ўзбек адабий тили. –
Тошкент: Ўқитувчи, 2006. - Б 133.
2.
Rasulova M.I., Shukurova Z.I.. Comparative typology of English, Uzbek and Russian
languages. – Tashkent, 2017. – P.107
3.
Aminov M., Madvaliyev A., Mahkamov N., Odilov Y. Davlat tilida ish yuritish. Amaliy
qo‘llanma. – Toshkent: O‘zbekiston, 2020. – B. 184.
4.
Dorogikh R.V, Teplova L.I. How to Write Formal Letters: Study guide for students of
English Lomonosov Moscow State University. — Sevastopol: Ribest, 2017. – P.48.
5.
https://www.betterteam.com/employee-termination-letter
6.
7.
https://yurxizmat.uz/uz/document/36
5
Dorogikh R.V, Teplova L.I. How to Write Formal Letters: Study guide for students of English Lomonosov
Moscow State University. — Sevastopol: Ribest, 2017. – P.48.
6
https://www.betterteam.com/employee-termination-letter
7
https://context.reverso.net
