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36
ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS EMERGING IN CITIES DUE TO GLOBAL CLIMATE
CHANGE (THE CASE OF TASHKENT)
Jasur Mukhammadiev Mardon ugli
Uzbekistan State World Languages University,
Department of Ecology and Green Resources, Lecturer
Email: jasurmarqayev24@gmail.com
Mudarisova Raykhon Khodjayevna
Uzbekistan State World Languages University,
Department of Ecology and Green Resources, Associate Professor
Email: xodjayevna@mail.ru
Fotima G‘ofurova Erkin kizi
Uzbekistan State World Languages University,
Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literature, Student
Email: fatimagafurova574@gmail.com
ANNOTATION:
Global climate change is causing environmental problems around the world,
with cities particularly affected the most. For example, Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan, is
experiencing serious environmental pressures due to rising temperatures, increased air pollution,
water shortages, and the urban heat island effect. This article examines the environmental
challenges posed by climate change in Tashkent, analyzes current data and municipal responses,
and proposes mitigation and adaptation strategies. The results show that although some
initiatives are being implemented, comprehensive urban planning is important for protecting the
environment and public health of Tashkent in the context of ongoing climate changes.
Key words:
Tashkent, climate change, urban heat island, air pollution, water scarcity, adaptation
strategies
INTRODUCTION
Climate change presents one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century, especially in urban
environments where high population density and human activity amplify ecological stress factors.
Tashkent, the largest city in Central Asia, serves as an important economic and cultural hub for
Uzbekistan. However, in recent years, it has increasingly experienced the negative impacts of
global climate change. Rising temperatures, irregular precipitation, water shortages, and
deteriorating air quality have become commonplace in Tashkent, directly affecting the health and
well-being of its 3.1 million residents. Although the country's arid continental climate has
historically faced climatic extremes, climate change is further intensifying these conditions. The
expansion of Tashkent is worsening ecological problems, making it a vital case for
understanding the broader implications of climate change in Central Asian cities. This article
aims to explore the specific environmental problems caused by global climate change in
Tashkent, investigate their root causes, and propose sustainable solutions.
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METHODS
This article uses a qualitative approach based on analysis of recent scientific publications,
government reports, meteorological data, and expert interviews on the impacts of climate change
in Uzbekistan. Key data sources include the Center of the Hydrometeorological Service of
Uzbekistan (Uzhydromet), the World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal [1], and policy
documents from the Ministry of Ecology, Environmental Protection and Climate Change of
Uzbekistan [2].
The methodology includes:
Literature Review: Academic articles, government publications, and international organization
reports.
Data Analysis: Temperature trends, precipitation changes, air quality indices, and water resource
reports for Tashkent.
Policy Review: Evaluation of climate resilience strategies and initiatives implemented by local
authorities.
RESULTS
Rising
Temperatures
and
the
Urban
Heat
Island
Effect
According to Uzhydromet, the average temperature in Tashkent has increased by 1.5°C over the
past three decades [3]. Summers have become longer and hotter, with temperatures frequently
exceeding 40°C. This warming trend exacerbates the urban heat island effect, where cities
become significantly hotter than surrounding rural areas due to concrete structures, asphalt roads,
and limited vegetation. The urban heat island effect increases energy demand for cooling, raises
heat-related illness rates, and reduces overall livability [4]. Vulnerable populations such as the
elderly and low-income groups are disproportionately affected by extreme heat events.
Air
Pollution
Air quality in Tashkent has deteriorated significantly. Vehicle emissions, industrial activity, and
construction dust contribute to high levels of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). During
summer heatwaves, stagnant air traps pollutants, creating hazardous conditions. According to the
World Health Organization, air pollution levels in Tashkent often exceed recommended limits
[5], leading to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and decreased life expectancy.
As of June 6, 2025, at 19:20, IQAir reported the concentration of PM10 particles in Tashkent’s
air was 383 µg/m³.
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1-picture. IQAir
Water
Scarcity
and
Pollution
Tashkent is experiencing severe water shortages. Changing precipitation patterns and retreating
glaciers that feed the Chirchik River, the city’s main water source, threaten water supply [6].
Additionally, aging infrastructure leads to significant water losses during distribution. Water
scarcity affects not only households but also green spaces and agriculture on the city's outskirts,
leading to ecosystem degradation and food security risks.
In 2023, Tashkent saw reduced rainfall due to climate change. This decreased river, canal, and
reservoir levels. Lower water volumes concentrate pollutants, making contamination more
noticeable.
On July 12, 2023, Uzhydromet collected surface water samples from Tashkent’s canals and
nearby reservoirs. Water pollution was assessed using the Water Pollution Index (WPI).
2-picture. Screen Uzhydromet
Water Quality Results (WPI):
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Bozsu Canal (Teleminora area): Class III – Moderately polluted, WPI = 1.15
Qorasuv Canal (Furqat Park): Class III – Moderately polluted, WPI = 1.68
Salar Canal (Below Ecopark): Class IV – Polluted, WPI = 2.88
Anhor Canal (Below Ring Road): Class II – Clean water, WPI = 0.83
Borijar Canal (Magic City Park): Class III – Moderately polluted, WPI = 1.05
Charvak Reservoir: Class II – Clean water, WPI = 0.99
Tuyabogiz Reservoir: Class III – Moderately polluted, WPI = 1.22
WPI allows for comprehensive assessment of surface water quality, enabling both spatial and
temporal comparisons [7].
Impact
on
Green
Spaces
and
Biodiversity
Urbanization and worsening climate conditions are reducing Tashkent’s green areas. Parks and
tree-lined streets play a crucial role in cooling the city and improving air quality. However,
prolonged drought and insufficient irrigation are reducing urban flora, negatively affecting local
biodiversity.
DISCUSSION
The ecological problems facing Tashkent highlight cities’ vulnerability to global climate change.
The results stress the need for integrated urban planning prioritizing sustainability and climate
resilience.
Urban
Planning
and
Green
Infrastructure
Expanding green infrastructure—urban forests, green roofs, and shaded streets—can mitigate
urban heat islands and improve air quality. Programs encouraging park creation and tree planting
help lower ambient temperatures and absorb pollutants. The city administration has launched
initiatives like "Green City" and partnered with international organizations for urban greening.
Expanding these initiatives is critical for meaningful impact.
Renewable
Energy
and
Sustainable
Transport
Transitioning to renewable energy and promoting sustainable transport are vital. Expanding
Tashkent’s metro system, encouraging electric vehicles, and improving bicycle infrastructure can
reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Improving building energy efficiency also
reduces cooling needs during hotter summers and cuts reliance on fossil fuels.
Water
Resource
Management
Investing in modern water management technologies like smart irrigation systems and
wastewater recycling can alleviate water shortages. Public awareness campaigns on water
conservation are equally important. Considering the transboundary nature of Central Asia’s
rivers, cooperation with regional neighbors is essential for efficient shared water management.
Policy
and
Public
Engagement
Successful adaptation requires strengthening climate policy and encouraging public participation.
Educational programs and community-driven initiatives can raise awareness of climate risks and
promote environmentally responsible behavior. Uzbekistan’s adoption of the “Strategy for
Transition to a Green Economy by 2030” is a positive step toward aligning national development
with climate resilience goals.
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CONCLUSION
Tashkent’s experience underscores the real vulnerability of cities to climate change. Rising
temperatures, air pollution, water shortages, and declining green spaces pose serious threats to
urban sustainability. While local authorities have taken initial steps to address these challenges, a
more robust approach is essential. Through investment in green infrastructure, sustainable
transport, efficient water management, and strong climate policies, Tashkent can become a
resilient city capable of withstanding the impacts of global climate change. The lessons from
Tashkent can also serve as a valuable model for other Central Asian cities facing similar
ecological threats.
REFERENCES
World Bank. (2024). Climate Change Knowledge Portal: Uzbekistan. Retrieved from
https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org
Ministry of Ecology, Environmental Protection and Climate Change of Uzbekistan. (2023).
National Strategy for Transition to a Green Economy. Tashkent: Government Press.
Uzhydromet (Center of Hydrometeorological Service of Uzbekistan). (2024). Climate data for
Tashkent Region. Tashkent: Uzhydromet Publications.
Karimov, B. & Yusupov, N. (2023). “Urban Heat Island Effects in Central Asian Cities”. Central
Asian Environmental Journal, 12(2), 45–60.
World Health Organization. (2023). Air Quality Database 2023. Geneva: WHO.
UNDP Uzbekistan. (2023). Urban Resilience and Climate Adaptation in Uzbekistan. Tashkent:
UNDP Report.
Uzhydromet Press Service. (2023).
