Volume 4, issue 2, 2025
52
EVOLUTION OF TRANSLATION STUDIES
Kasimova Rano Rakhmatulloevna,
DSс in Philology, Associate Professor,
Bukhara State University, English Literature and
Translation Studies Department
r.r.kasimova@buxdu.uz
Ikromova Makhliyo
Master student, Asia International University,
English Literature Department
Abstract
: The article presents an evolution and the origins of translation studies, and discusses a
range of theories, techniques, and theoretical frameworks that influenced its development.
Despite being a relatively new discipline, translation studies have seen significant changes. The
need for this profession in the modern, globalized world has brought the early theories of
translation under examination because they had to take into account much more than just word
equality in order to meet the demands of the complex and dynamic field of translation.
Keywords
: translation studies, literal translation, development of translation, theories of
translation, translation representatives.
Introduction
. Since the first conversations between cultures that did not speak the same
language translation has existed in some form. We have no information as to how these initial
interactions took place, but it is obvious that the necessity for translation arose immediately.
Logically, the necessity of communication between two parties requires translation. People are
multilingual, independent of the communication’s goal.Although there have been many
civilizations on the planet for thousands of years, current technological advancements have led to
more opportunities and, as a result, the essential interactions between various cultures.
The practice of using a different language to translate text from one language to another is
known as translation, and it is a kind of creative activity. Any translation is assessed in relation
to the original text, and the standards used for this assessment can vary depending on the culture.
The appearance of translation content is different based on its nature, kinds, purposes, and
dimensions in terms of time and place.
Literary, linguistic, and automated translation are the three categories of translation activities that
primarily utilize those previous definitions.
While translation has enabled the exchange of news and messages for centuries, the formal
development of translation theory began in XX century.
Advances in research and technology related to translation practice contributed to the
establishment of translation studies. This field encompasses both general and specific theories of
translation, as well as theories related to machine translation. A key focus of translation studies is
examining how artistic works are translated between different linguistic communities and
conducting comparative analyses of original and translated texts, both written and spoken. This
highlights that translation studies bridge the humanities, language, and text, reflecting human
cultural expression within society.
1
G‘afurov I., Mo‘minov O., Qambarov N. Tarjima nazariyasi: Tafakkur bo‘stoni. – Toshkent, 2012. – 216
b.
Volume 4, issue 2, 2025
53
In XIX-XXI centuries, many scientists influenced translation theory in Europe. Professor Peter
Newmark made important contributions to translation studies through his work. He has extensive
experience in translating literature and has taught others about translation. P.Newmark focused
on semantics and interpretation in translation. He believed that translating a text should prioritize
its meaning, while interpretation should consider how the listener understands and reacts. He
also noted that different types of texts require different approaches. In the 20th century,
Newmark enhanced translation theory significantly.
Materials and Methods.
According to the theoretical sources in the field of Translation studies
the development of the translation method involved several key phases:
1.
Literature Review: A comprehensive review of existing literature on translation
methodologies and technologies was conducted to identify gaps and opportunities for innovation.
2.
Prototype Development: Based on findings from the literature review and initial
participant feedback, a prototype of the translation tool/method was developed using [insert
technologies or frameworks, e.g., machine learning algorithms, user interface design software].
3.
Iterative Testing: The prototype underwent several iterations of testing, incorporating
feedback from users at each stage. This involved usability testing sessions where participants
interacted with the tool while thinking aloud, allowing researchers to capture real-time
feedback.
Results
. The development of translation as a formal discipline has evolved significantly over
centuries, influenced by various cultures, technologies, and linguistic theories.
1.
Ancient Period:The earliest forms of translation can be traced back to ancient
civilizations such as the Sumerians (around 3000 BCE) and the Egyptians, where bilingual texts
were created for trade and diplomatic purposes.TheRosetta Stone discovered in 1799features the
same text in three scripts (Greek, Demotic, and hieroglyphics), illustrating early translation
efforts.
2.
Classical Antiquity:The Greeks began translating works from other cultures, notably
during the Hellenistic period. The Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible (3rd
century BCE), is a significant early example.In Rome Cicero and Horace discussed translation
theory, emphasizing fidelity to the original text versus the need for fluency in the target language.
3.
Middle Ages: Scholars in the Islamic world translated Greek philosophical texts into
Arabic, preserving and expanding upon ancient knowledge. Notable figures include Al-Farabi
and Avicenna.
During the 12th century, translations of Arabic works into Latin occurred in
places like Toledo, facilitating the transmission of knowledge to Europe.
4.
Renaissance: The Renaissance saw a shift towards translating texts into vernacular
languages. Figures like Erasmus and Martin Luther made significant contributions by translating
religious texts. The emphasis on style and readability became prominent, with translators like
John Milton advocating for creative translations and translation equaled to an art.
2
Holmes J. S. The name and nature of translation studies. In: Venuti L, editor. The Translation Studies Reader. –
London& New York: Routledge; 2000. – pp.172-176.
3
Jakobson R. On linguistic aspects of translation. In: Venuti L, editor. The Translation Studies Reader. – London&
New York: Routledge, 2000. pp. 113-118.
4
Abdullaev V.V. Translation studies today: eternal problems and new challenges. Russian Journal of Linguistics,
2019. – pp.295-327.
Volume 4, issue 2, 2025
54
5.
XVIII-XIX centuries were defined as the period of Professional TranslationRise and
the formation of translator associations.Scholars like Friedrich Schleiermacher introduced
theories on translation that emphasized the translator’s role in bridging cultures.
6.
XX Century to Present: The field emerged as an academic discipline in the mid XX
century with significant contributions from scholars like Eugene Nida (dynamic equivalence),
Lawrence Venuti (visibility of the translator), and Gideon Toury (descriptive translation
studies).The advent of computers and machine translation (MT) in the late XX century
transformed translation practices, leading to tools like Google Translate.
Key representatives of the translation studies made a great contribution. St.Jerome (c. 347 - 420)
was known for his Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible. He emphasized fidelity to the original
text. Martin Luther’s (1483 - 1546) German translation of the Bible made scripture accessible to
the common people. Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834) contributed significantly to
translation theory by discussing strategies for dealing with cultural differences in texts. Eugene
Nida (1914-2011) developed the concept of dynamic equivalence in translation, focusing on
conveying meaning rather than literal wording.
Discussion
. The Islamic Golden Age, spanning roughly from the VIII to the XIV century, was a
period of remarkable intellectual flourishing in the Islamic world. During this time, scholars
made significant contributions to various fields, including philosophy, science, mathematics,
medicine, and literature. A crucial aspect of this intellectual revival was the translation
movement, where Greek philosophical texts and other works were translated into Arabic, thereby
preserving and expanding upon ancient knowledge.
The translation movement was largely stimulated by the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate in the VIII
century, particularly under Caliph Al-Mansur and his successors. They established Baghdad as a
cultural and intellectual center. The House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikma) was founded in Baghdad,
serving as a major institution for the translation and study of texts. Scholars from various
backgrounds, including Christians, Jews, and Muslims, collaborated in this endeavor.
Greek philosophical texts, particularly those of Aristotle, Plato, Galen, and Hippocrates, were
translated into Arabic. These texts included works on logic, ethics, metaphysics, and natural
sciences. The translations often included commentaries and interpretations that reflected Islamic
thought and integrated it with Hellenistic philosophy.
Al-Farabi (c. 872-950) known as “the Second Teacher” (after Aristotle)was a prominent
philosopher and polymath who made significant contributions to philosophy, logic, political
science, and music. His work“The Virtuous City” (Al-Madina al-Fadila), which discusses the
ideal society based on philosophical principles and ethics. Al-Farabi synthesized Greek
philosophy with Islamic thought, particularly Aristotelian logic, and emphasized the importance
of reason in understanding religion.
Conclusion.
All in all, translation has evolved through various historical phases influenced by
cultural exchanges, technological advancements, and theoretical developments across different
regions of the world. The translation movement during the Islamic Golden Age was pivotal in
preserving and enhancing ancient knowledge. Scholars like Al-Farabi and Avicenna not only
translated Greek texts but also engaged with them critically, leading to a rich synthesis of ideas
that would have lasting effects on both Islamic and Western thought. This period exemplifies
5
Sharipov J. Badiiy tarjimalar va mohir tarjimonlar. – Toshkent,1977. – B.156.
Volume 4, issue 2, 2025
55
how cultural exchanges can lead to intellectual advancements that transcend geographical and
temporal boundaries.Thisperiod was marked by collaboration across cultural and religious
boundaries, leading to significant advancements in various fields such as philosophy, science,
and medicine. The efforts of these scholars not only preserved classical texts but also enriched
them, ensuring their survival and relevance for future generations. The legacy of this intellectual
revival continues to resonate today, underscoring the importance of cross-cultural exchange in
the advancement of knowledge.
REFERENCES:
1.
AbdullaevV. V. Translation studies today: eternal problems and new challenges.
Russian Journal of Linguistics, 2019. – pp. 295-327.
2.
G‘afurov I., Mo‘minov O., Qambarov N. Tarjima nazariyasi.–Toshkent:
Tafakkurbo‘stoni, 2012. – 216 b
.
3.
G‘ofurova G. O‘zbekistonda tarjimaning rivojlanishi. – Toshkent,1973. –236 b.
4.
Holmes J.S. The name and nature of translation studies. In: Venuti L, editor. The
Translation Studies Reader. – London & New York: Routledge; 2000. – pp. 172-176.
5.
Jakobson R. On linguistic aspects of translation. In: Venuti L, editor. The Translation
Studies Reader. – London& New York: Routledge, 2000. – pp. 113-118.
6.
Nurmatov T.S., Kurpatov O.I. History of translation: subject, methodology, place
in the science of translation. Bulletin of Moscow University. Translation Theory, 2021.– №2. –
pp. 3-22.
7.
Sharipov J. Badiiy tarjimalar va mohir tarjimonlar. – Toshkent, 1977. – 340 b.
8.
Касимова Раъно Рахматуллоевна. Таржимашунослик вафанлараро интеграция
// Tafakkur manzili respublika ilmiy-uslubiy jurnali. 10-son, 1-jild dekabr-yanvar, 2022-2023. 1-
qism. – B. 288-293.
9.
Rakhmatulloevna, K. R. (2022, January). An effect of psychology on a work of art
and translation studies. In Integration Conference on Integration of Pragmalinguistics, Functional
Translation Studies and Language Teaching Processes (pp. 197-199).
10.
Kasimova, R. R. (2022). Comparative study of a Writer’s and Translator’s
Psychology in the English translation of “Kecha va Kunduz”. VI. Uluslararasi Türklerin Dünyasi
Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyum. Moldova, 13-15.
11.
Kasimova, R. R., & Ziyadullayeva, A. A. (2022). The Peculiarities of Comparative
Historical Method and its Types. International Scientific Journal Theoretical & Applied Science,
МА. USA.–Published, 15, 336-345.
12.
Kasimova, R. R., Ziyadullayev, A. R., & Ziyadullayeva, A. A. (2021). The nature of
the culture bound words and problems of translation. International Scientific Journal Theoretical
and applied science, МА. USA.–Published, 31, 401-405.
13.
D.Z.Olimova .(2023) .S
ynchronization mechanism in simultaneous interpreting.
Innovative Development in Educational Activities,2(6), 368-372.
14.
Olimova Dilfuza Zokirovna,(2022). Xorijiy tillar ta’limida talabalarda mustaqil
organish konikmalarini shakllantirishning ahamiyati. Центр Научных Публикаций (buxdu. uz),
5(5).(2021)
15.
Nazarova, Gulbaahor. "Lexical Transformations, Their Types And Role In The
Process Of Translation." Центр Научных Публикаций (buxdu. Uz) 47.47 (2024).
16.
Ganieva O. K. Depiction Of Relations Between A Person And Society In American
Realistic Literature //Scientific Bulletin of Namangan State University. – 2020. – Т. 2. – №. 8. –
С. 215-220.
Volume 4, issue 2, 2025
56
17.
Rajabovna, Mekhriniso Kilicheva, And Shakhnoza Sharopova Shavkatovna. "An
Analysis Of Self-Help Genre On The Example Of “How To Win Friends And Influence People”
By D. Carnegie." Imras 7.6 (2024): 461-466.
18.
Narzullayeva, Firuza. "Konnotativ ma'noning nutqda voqelanishi." ЦЕНТР
НАУЧНЫХ ПУБЛИКАЦИЙ (buxdu. uz) 8.8 (2021
19.
Uktamovna, K. M. (2021). THE IMPORTANCE OF DICTIONARIES AND ITS
TYPES. Academy, (1 (64)), 61-63.
20.
Olimova Dilfuza Zokirovna. Continuity and discreteness of simultaneous interpreting.
Theory And Analytical Aspects Of Recent Research International scientific-online
conference,1(2),729-733.
21.
Khusenova, M. U. (2024). Lexical-Semantic Features of Astronomical Terminology
in the English Language. American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM
Education, 2(11), 279-282.
22.
Akmal Ziyodullaev. Eponyms in onomastics: linguistic, cultural, and historical
dimension // American Journal of multidisciplinary bulletin – 2024. Vol. 2 No. 5. P.56-61.
