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HISTORICAL PROCESSES THAT TOOK PLACE IN THE BRONZE AGE SOCIETY
IN THE CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC AREAS OF UZBEKISTAN (END OF THE 3RD
MILLENNIUM BC - FIRST HALF OF THE 2ND MILLENNIUM BC).
Nurmetov Sardor Bakhtiyorovich.
Independent researcher at Urgench state university.
Annotasiya:
Maqolada Oʻzbekiston tarixiy-geografik hududlarida bronza davri, jamiyatining
ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy va etnomadaniy munosabatlar (mil. avv. 3- mingyillik ikkinchi yarmi – 2-
mingyillik ikkinchi yarmi birinchi choragi) tarixi yoritilgan.
Kalit soʻzlar
: Qoraquduq, Anqqal’a, Tozabogʻyob, Kaskajal, Koʻkcha-3, Qoraquduq, Churuk,
Echkiliksoy, Oyoqagitma, Isatoy-3.
Аннотация:
В статье рассматривается история эпохи бронзы, социально-экономические и
этнокультурные отношения общества (вторая половина 3 тыс. до н.э. — первая четверть
второй половины 2 тыс. до н.э.) на историко-географических территориях Узбекистана.
Ключевые слова:
Каракудук, Анкакала, Тозабогёб, Каскаджал, Кукча-3.
Annotation:
The article covers the history of the Bronze Age, socio-economic and ethnocultural
relations of society (second half of the 3rd millennium BC - first quarter of the second half of the
2nd millennium BC) in the historical and geographical territories of Uzbekistan.
Keywords:
Karakuduk, Ankakala, Tozabogyob, Kaskajal, Kokcha-3.
INTRODUCTION.
The changes in socio-economic and ethno-cultural relations that took place
in the cultural-economic areas of Uzbekistan during the Bronze Age are divided into early,
advanced and late stages in the publications of researchers [1, p. 53]. It is difficult to trace the
opinions of researchers on the issue of what factors led to the division into these chronological
historical periods. In fact, the importance of the economic traditions of the Eneolithic period in
the development of socio-economic and ethno-cultural relations that took place within the
Bronze Age society was preserved. The processes of development of society took place under
the influence of the geographical environment, climatic conditions and anthropogenic landscape.
In our opinion, the logical conclusion that arose on the basis of a theoretical and comparative
analysis of historical data recorded in archaeological literature is that, taking into account the
meaning of historical processes that took place in the Bronze Age, it is possible to divide them
into two historical stages:
1st stage. BC. The middle of the 3rd millennium - to the first quarter of the second half of the
2nd millennium.
Stage 2. From the first quarter of the second half of the 2nd millennium - the end of the 2nd
millennium. The aim is to shed light on the extent to which the process of development of socio-
economic and ethnic-cultural relations in the cultural and economic areas of Uzbekistan took
place at the first stage.
LITERATURE REVIEW.
Since the mid-30s of the 20th century, the employees of the
Khorezm expedition have been working on archaeological monuments Anqaqal'a-1, Teshik-1,2,
left by the settled population in the right and left bank areas of the Lower Amu Darya region as a
result of the activities of the Amu Darya River. The objects obtained as a result of partial
excavations date back to the 2nd millennium BC, and this cultural Tozabogyob culture was
recorded in the history of Khorezm [2, p. 32]. Thus, the 2nd millennium (Bronze Age) laid the
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foundation for the beginning of the science of historiography, which includes information such
as agriculture, animal husbandry, the formation of the mother clan, and the formation of tribal
unions.
According to the results of geological processes, the diversity of the surface of Uzbekistan is
manifested by regions favorable for farming, such as Ustyurt, Khorezm, Zarafshan, Tashkent,
Fergana and Surkhandarya [3, p. 5].
The above-mentioned historical and geographical regions are geographically unified, but do not
repeat each other in terms of surface diversity, which has retained its meaning in the present day.
For example, when describing the surface of the territory of Uzbekistan, the geographical
landscape of the Ustyurt plateau has a broader meaning, distinguishing it from neighboring
regions. For example, the Ustyurt region was a landmass 10-30 million years ago, and its area
was 200,000 km2, of which 70. 3 thousand km2 was connected with the Republic of
Karakalpakstan [4, p. 111-113]. The surface of the region formed as a result of underground
fluctuations of Ustyurt is not rich in flora and fauna, there is only groundwater, and also on the
basis of the gift of nature, humanity settled and left its cultural traces. Ye. As a result of
archaeological research conducted by B. Bijanov in Ustyurt, it was found that the settlements of
the Stone Age (Yesen-2,3, Karakuduk, Churuk) served the interests of mankind. [5. p. 8-21].
Also, the researcher's publications show that the Stone Age hunters continued economic and
cultural relations in the Mesolithic, Neolithic (Isatoy-3, Churuk-1,4, Kaskajal, Oktumsuk) and
Bronze Ages, due to the favorable ecological situation.
As a result of the development of the area of the left bank of Mount Sultan Uvays, which is
geographically connected to the Ustyurt region, as a result of the cultural layer of the Burli-3
open-type settlement, ethnic relations were traced to the Late Stone Age, the Mesolithic and
Early Neolithic periods, from the end of the 7th millennium BC to the middle of the 5th
millennium BC.
N. U. Kholmatov noted that the objects obtained during excavations at the Jonbos-4 settlement
with a wooden pillar on the side of the Jonbos-Qala hill, which was formed as a result of the
activity of the Amu Darya in the end of the 5th millennium BC to the middle of the 4th
millennium BC, belonged to the above-mentioned historical date [9, p. 19]. As a result of the
flow of the main water of the Amu Darya on the above-mentioned historical date, the Khorezm
oasis was divided into the right and left bank areas, and has retained its current form [10, p. 17-
21].
Archaeological studies of Bronze Age settlements in the Khorezm oasis were carried out from
the 1950s to the 1990s, and their importance in studying the historical and cultural processes that
took place during this historical period is incomparable. M. A. Itina conducted excavations in the
South Akchadaryo region at Anka-5, Kavat-3, Kokcha-3, and in the 1960s and 1970s at Kokcha
15, 16, 21, 22, Jonbos 33, 34 settlements on the right bank of the Amu Darya, and established the
lifestyle of our ancestors, living in semi-basement wooden pillar dwellings, domestic livestock
breeding, the culture of "non-farming", and ethnocultural terms such as Tozabogyob and
Andronovo cultures on the pages of historical literature [11, p. 229].
Archaeological literature records that since the 1950s, archaeological research has been
conducted in the Lower Zarafshan and Fergana Valleys in the Bronze Age settlements, the
results of which have been presented to the scientific community. The Lower Zarafshan Valley is
located in the Kyzylkum Desert, its hydrological characteristics are explained by the Daryosay,
Mohondaryo, Gujayli, Echkiliksay and Oyakagitma basins of the Zarafshan River. Since the
1960s, the Mohondaryo archaeological group under the leadership of Ya. G. Gulomov has been
investigating the water level of the Mohondaryo tributary, which has turned the swamps between
the Kyzylkum sand dunes into water basins. The Bronze Age population around the shores of
Lake Zamonbabo was engaged in subsistence farming. N. U. Kholmatov notes that more than 60
settlements of the Neolithic period have been registered in the vicinity of the lower Charbakti
basin, one of the ancient tributaries of the Zarafshan River, and some of them have been
investigated [13, p. 4-32].
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Having studied the Bronze Age monuments of the Fergana Valley from an archaeological point
of view, the archaeological team led by Yu. A. Zadneprovsky studied the Bronze Age Chust
settlement from an archaeological point of view [14, p. 125].
In the Tashkent Valley, the descendants of the Stone Age hunters and gatherers of the
Okhangaran Valley gradually achieved a complex historical experience of ethnic processes in the
Bronze Age, and further developed it, that is, the inhabitants of the Okhangaran Valley lived in
semi-basements and conducted "non-farming" farming [15, p. 279-282].
Methodology:
-Objectivity;
-Historical analysis;
-Chronological consistency;
-Comparison, generalization;
-Discussion, discussion, justification;
-Using the achievements of archaeology, ethnography, geography and anthropology.
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS.
Based on the theoretical and comparative analysis of historical
data recorded in the literature of the 20th century and scientific publications of the 21st century,
it can be observed that in the first stage of the Bronze Age, the population of our ancestors,
located in the cultural and economic areas of the Eneolithic period, adapted to the vagaries of
nature, and in the historical period, along with the rapid development of the production economy,
ethnic relations took place in a harmonious manner. At the same time, there was no need to
conduct a migration policy of the population to neighboring regions. However, the Amu Darya,
Syrdarya, Zarafshan rivers were forced to change their geographical location from time to time
during the transgression. In particular, it is worth noting that the population settled in the Lower
Amu Darya, the lower basin of the Zarafshan River, the Tashkent Valley, and the Kyzylkum
regions often repeated the processes of migration from one place to another. The Fergana Valley
population conducted practical training in the foothills of the high mountains in the adapted area.
Since the archaeological monuments belonging to the first historical stage of the Surkhan oasis
Bronze Age have not been studied archaeologically, information about the settlements of the
population is not observed in the works of researchers.
Results:
-
There are no differences in the development of socio-economic and ethnocultural
relations covering the Bronze Age society in the regions, the settlements were semi-basements
with wooden pillars, liman and "kayr" agriculture, the transition of domestic livestock to
production in the economic system of society, and the use of bronze tools in relations with land.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.
It should be noted that the Bronze Age population of
Ustyurt Chinki, based on the gifts of nature, continued the economic traditions of their ancestors.
The inhabitants of the Lower Amu Darya, the lower Zarafshan River basin, the Kyzylkum and
Fergana Valleys, the successors of the Stone Age hunters, developed economic sectors in the
development of society under the influence of geographical features, and conducted ethnic
relations in a geographical latitude that suited them. Conclusions were made that the “hot winds”
of urbanization processes that swept society in southern Central Asia did not reach them, and that
the economic traditions of the Neolithic clan communities were preserved.
Proposal 1: To study the life experience of our ancestors from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age
in the cultural and economic regions of Uzbekistan based on real sources.
Proposal 2: It is in line with the spirit of the present time that the need for new archaeological
research to establish that the population settled in the same historical period, took a step towards
agriculture, urban planning and the first stages of statehood formed the basis for the development
of socio-economic and ethno-cultural relations is in line with the spirit of the present time.
Proposal 3: The historical information recorded in this article serves to a certain extent in
studying the history of the economy of our ancestors, who have long inhabited the territory of
Uzbekistan, at the first stage of the Bronze Age.
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Thus, the above-mentioned information made it possible to record the following final
conclusion:
- From 1 million to 200 thousand years BC, hunters and gatherers of Ustyurt, the northern part of
the Zarafshan Valley, Tashkent and the Fergana Valley, using natural resources in the
surrounding area, gradually developed society, having passed a complex historical path, reached
the Bronze Age.
-This historical process up to the middle of the Bronze Age involved the modernization of labor
tools, the development of all aspects of society, and the fundamental changes that occurred in the
processes of further improving the complex historical experience, which require separate study
through archaeological research.
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