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THE STATUS OF SCIENTIFIC AND THEORETICAL STUDY OF VIOLENCE IN
FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS ABROAD
Iroda Rasulova
Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology
Аннотатция:
Мақола тадқиқотида Шахслараро зўравонликка мойил хулқ- атворнинг
оилавий муносабатлардаги ижтимоий психологик хусусиятлари
қасд олиш, ўзига
бўйсундириш, рашкнинг юзага келиши, мол-мулкка эга бўлиш, жабрланувчидан
қутулиш каби мотивлар ҳамда оилавий қадриятларнинг пасайиши, ижтимоий
муносабат оқибатлари илмий тадқиқот натижаларига таянган ҳолда асосий омил
эканлиги ўрганилди. Шахслараро зўравонликнинг юзага келишида салбий хулқ-атвор
хусусиятлари, оилада юзага келадиган зўравонликнинг жисмоний, руҳий, жинсий ва
иқтисодий турларининг индикаторлари таҳлил асосида ишлаб чиқилди. Оилада
шахслараро зўравонликка дуч келган шахсларни жисмоний ва руҳий саломатлигини
тиклаш ижтимоий ва психологик реабилитация чоралари кўрсатилиши муҳимлиги
ҳамда зарурати тадқиқ қилинди.
Калит сўзлар:
оила, зўравонлик, тарбия, таълим, муҳит, психологик вазият, атроф-муҳит.
Аннотация:
В ходе исследования статьи изучено, что социально-психологические
особенности поведения, склонного к межличностному насилию в семейных отношениях,
являются основным фактором, опираясь на результаты научных исследований, такие
мотивы, как месть, подчинение, ревность, обладание имуществом, избавление от жертвы,
а также упадок семейных ценностей, последствия социальных отношений. На основе
анализа были разработаны негативные поведенческие характеристики при возникновении
межличностного насилия, показатели физического, психического, сексуального и
экономического видов насилия, происходящих в семье. Изучена важность и
необходимость проведения социально-психологических реабилитационных мероприятий
по восстановлению физического и психического здоровья лиц, подвергшихся
межличностному насилию в семье.
Ключевые слова:
семья, насилие, воспитание, образование, среда, психологическая
ситуация, окружение.
Abstract:
The article studies the socio-psychological characteristics of interpersonal violence in
family relationships, such as motives such as revenge, subjugation, jealousy, possession of
property, getting rid of the victim, as well as the decline of family values, the consequences of
social relations, based on the results of scientific research. Negative behavioral characteristics in
the emergence of interpersonal violence, indicators of physical, mental, sexual and economic
types of violence in the family were developed based on the analysis. The importance and
necessity of providing social and psychological rehabilitation measures to restore the physical
and mental health of individuals who have experienced interpersonal violence in the family were
studied.
Keywords:
family, violence, upbringing, education, environment, psychological situation,
environment.
Domestic violence violates the fundamental rights of a person (life, health, honor, dignity,
freedom). Violence is manifested not only in the form of physical force, but also in the form of
mental, moral, economic and domestic pressure and can be applied to any member of the family.
Situations such as insults, coercion, rape, economic restrictions, and systematic psychological
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torture are also considered violence. The concepts of violence and abuse differ. In the process of
studying the legislation, it became clear that the concept of violence carries a heavier burden.
This act is usually committed against a large number of people and is distinguished by the large
number of subjects. In the legislation, the term violence is used together with concepts such as
cruelty, use of weapons and massacre. Violence is an antisocial act directed against the health
and life of the victim through coercion and intimidation. The explanatory dictionary of the
Uzbek language gives a general definition of the words “violence, violence”, which is described
as the behavior of tyrants who do not obey the law, who oppress others, and who oppress others.
The Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan does not contain a definition of crimes
committed using violence in the family. In the Special Part of the Criminal Code, many terms are
used to define acts committed using violence, the term “violence” is used in 20 of the
components of the crime, the term “intimidation” in 6, “coercion” in 6, “extreme cruelty” in 2,
and “grave insult” in 2. This leads to different interpretations of violence, crimes committed
using violence and criminality. In the comments to the Criminal Code of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, the definition of physical and mental violence, extreme cruelty is given only in some
articles. The concept of crimes committed with the use of violence in the family is mainly
reflected in scientific literature.
Domestic violence is an act of violence, and if we look at global statistics and general trends, it
becomes clear that women and children are the main victims. However, this is not absolute, that
is, in the family, it is observed that both a man and his wife or parents live under psychological
pressure from children or other family members. This is also a form of domestic violence. As a
result, the victim may develop serious psychosomatic diseases or other deplorable conditions.
Domestic violence is not a disease specific to one country and nation, the whole world is
struggling with it.
Violence is an unlawful act (inaction) that violates the life, health, sexual integrity, honor,
dignity and other rights and freedoms protected by law by means of physical, psychological,
sexual or economic influence or the threat of such influence.
Harassment is an act (inaction) that degrades the honor and dignity of women, which is not
subject to administrative or criminal liability.
Antisocial behavior is a person's personal behavior, action or inaction, lifestyle, expressed in
violation of the norms and rules accepted in society;
Victim of harassment and violence is a person who is under the threat of harassment and
violence against him or has suffered as a result of harassment and violence;
Prevention of violence is a set of measures of a psychological, social, legal, organizational and
other nature carried out by specially authorized bodies and institutions, aimed at preventing
situations that pose a threat to the life and health of a participant in the prevention of domestic
violence, ensuring the prevention of possible threats to life and health, as well as taking urgent
measures to prevent repeated and continuous illegal actions (inaction) of a person committing
domestic violence.
It can manifest itself in the following forms: physical, psychological, sexual and economic
violence.
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In the world community, Canada is one of the countries that has an effective policy in combating
domestic violence. In Canada, all aspects of public life are aimed at combating domestic violence.
In 1973-1974, women who suffered from violence established the first shelters and crisis centers.
Although this country has not adopted a separate law aimed at combating violence, targeted
programs are implemented at the higher and lower levels, targeting at-risk groups. In 1999, a
separate system was created to prevent abuse of the elderly, which is being effectively expanded.
The Ministry of Women's Affairs is the main coordinator and allocator of funds for the provision
of crisis services. Sexual violence is given great attention in the United States and Canada, and
the level of detection of cases of sexual violence in these countries is high. Because sexual
violence has a more serious impact on a person than physical violence and can change the future
life of the victim. In 1994, the US Congress adopted the "Violence Against Women Act". The
adoption of such a law in the US means that the fight against domestic and sexual violence is
established at the state level.
In the US, great attention is paid to early prevention of violence. Employees of educational and
medical institutions are regularly trained in methods of identifying victims of violence. Social
services in the US are very developed, and victims are provided with free psychological, legal,
and social assistance. At the same time, there are problems such as the lack of crisis centers in
remote areas and insufficient funding for various social projects.
In the Federal Republic of Germany, various educational and explanatory activities on domestic
violence are carried out in educational institutions and the media, as well as street campaigns, i.e.
attention is paid to preventive work. A “Hotline” network for victims of domestic violence
operates. Police officers are provided with comprehensive regulations on how to act in cases of
domestic violence. In France, a “Hotline” called 3919 “Violences Femmes info” has been
launched for women who have been subjected to domestic violence, which is an information
support service that provides rehabilitation, working around the clock, without days off, free of
charge and with full guarantee of anonymity. 400 “Téléphone Grand Danger” (“Great Danger
Telephone”) has been launched for emergency communication. This service was created
specifically to call the victim to the ambulance and law enforcement agencies. In Sweden, as
early as 1965, norms related to domestic and domestic violence were included in state legislation.
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In this regard, Sweden is a leading European country in the implementation of the Istanbul
Convention.
Among the neighboring countries, the Republic of Moldova is one of the leading countries in
implementing a policy aimed at preventing domestic violence. Moldova has adopted a special
law on the prevention of domestic violence. The main goal of the work being carried out is to
create a unified system of rehabilitation centers. The data collected by these centers provide
information on measures to assist and influence victims of violence and perpetrators. It is
possible to stay in crisis centers for up to 3 months and use free services. Along with the
effectiveness of the policy against violence, there are many unresolved problems. The special
law on the prevention of violence does not clearly define the obligations of entities carrying out
preventive work and does not clearly indicate the control over their activities. The small number
of crisis centers and their operation mainly at the expense of international organizations limit the
appeal of all victims to the centers.
The Republic of Ukraine has adopted a number of normative legal acts to prevent domestic
violence. In particular, the Law “On Ensuring Equality of Rights and Opportunities of Men and
Women”, the Law “On Preventing Domestic Violence”, and also the Law No. 0119 of
November 7, 2011 “On Ratification of the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and
Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence” (Istanbul Convention) can be
noted. This Law is identified as one of the priority areas of ensuring human rights in the Decree
of the President of the Republic of Ukraine No. 201/2015 of August 25, 2015 “On the National
Strategy”.
Following the above-mentioned developments, the Law “On the Fundamentals of Crime
Prevention Activities” was adopted in 2014. This regulatory legal document addresses the
prevention of domestic violence and alcoholism, as well as various forms of crime.
The Republic of Belarus ranks 31st out of 155 countries in the world in terms of gender equality,
and 25th in terms of the “Motherhood Index”.
In the social life of the Russian Federation, terms such as domestic violence, domestic violence,
family violence, and gender violence are used in the family and household sphere. This violence
is committed not only against women, but also against men. Usually, women are subjected to
physical violence, and men are subjected to psychological violence.
In 2008, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe examined reports on violence
against women in countries and stressed the need to adopt an international instrument to prevent
these cases, as well as to address the problems of violence and discrimination. Subsequently, on
May 11, 2011, the “Council of Europe Convention on combating and eliminating violence
against women and domestic violence” (Istanbul Convention) was adopted in Istanbul, Turkey.
This Convention has been signed by 45 of the 47 member states of the Council of Europe, and
ratified by 25.
The Republic of Kazakhstan has adopted the “Concept of Family and Gender Policy until 2030”
and the Law “On Prevention of Domestic Violence”. The law establishes special liability for
officials who disclose information about violence in the course of providing services, and the
procedure for issuing protection orders. A special unit for the protection of women and children
from violence operates within the internal affairs bodies. Kazakhstan also faces difficulties in
determining the actual statistics of violence due to its latency (concealment), financing crisis
centers, and the weak material and technical base of internal affairs bodies.
Currently, 46 countries in the world do not have laws prohibiting domestic violence. Among
them are three CIS countries - Russia, Armenia, and Uzbekistan. In 2017, Armenia adopted a
draft law against domestic violence and deregistered it. Uzbekistan is also creating innovations in
this regard. Namely, the creation of adaptation and rehabilitation centers for those who find
themselves in such a situation is commendable.
Violence causes enormous economic damage. Mental and physical stress requires medical
expenses, and women's productivity at work decreases. Women's activity at home and in society
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decreases, negatively affecting those around them. The spiritual and moral side of the family, its
normal development are irreparably damaged.
Violence is a factor that causes other social disasters - lack of control, alcoholism, drug addiction,
early pregnancy, juvenile delinquency, and the transfer of violence from family to society.
In addition to strengthening legal measures in the fight against domestic violence, it is necessary
to create and coordinate systematic cooperation between state bodies, law enforcement agencies,
public associations, and individual citizens. Gender-based violence is a serious act that causes
physical, psychological, and sexual harm.
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