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SEMANTICS OF PAIRS OF WORDS THAT COME IN “KUTADGU BILIG”
Berginova Gulbahor Normuradovna
Doctoral student of Uzbek Language and Literature at Alfraganus University.
Annotation:
In this article, a semantic analysis of the pair of words used in the work of Yusuf
Khass Hajib “Kutadgu Bilig” is carried out. Through dualistic units, such as "Justice - State",
"reason - contentment", "science - practice", which are common in the work, the author
expressed the socio-political, moral and philosophical views of his time. Through these pairs of
words, issues such as human perfection, public administration and maintaining order in society
are highlighted.
Keywords:
double words, semantics, Yusuf Khass Hajib, “Kutadgu Bilig”, duality units, Justice,
State, Intelligence, contentment, science, ethics, philosophy, social order .
In World linguistics, the history of the language, its stages of development, the study of the
social and spiritual value of views on ancient written monuments, and an in-depth analysis of
sources that are the product of the thinking of our great ancestors constitute an important
scientific direction. Several studies are being carried out in international circles on the study of
classical sources. Decisions are being made regarding the appreciation of spiritual heritage, its
practical use. The declaration of 2019 as the Year of “Kutadgu Bilig” on the occasion of the
950th anniversary of “Kutadgu Bilig” by UNESCO was a huge event in the history of our nation.
“Kutadgu Bilig” is one of the first major written monuments of Turkic literature, written by
Yusuf Khass Hajib in 1069-1070, the content of which embodies deep philosophical, socio-
political and moral ideas.
The title of the work means “knowledge towards happiness”. Through this epic, The author
promotes the idea of overcoming the social problems that existed in his time, in particular,
political instability and division within the Karakhanid state, the formation of a centralized state.
The work covers issues such as the fair management of the state, the relationship between the
ruler and the people, moral values, the importance of knowledge and enlightenment.
Through the four main images, “Kutadgu Bilig” describes the various classes of society and their
functions: Kuntugdi – a just ruler; Aytuldi – a symbol of happiness and state; Özgurmis – a
symbol of reason and advice; Odgurmis – an expression of contentment and satisfaction.
Through these images, the author presents a model of an ideal society.
The work is the first example of the didactic epic genre in Uzbek literature, and contains pand-
exhortations calling on the people to be science, decency, honesty and a perfect person. In his
work, Yusuf Khass Hajib sought to show the potential of the Turkic language, unlike literature
written in Arabic and Persian. As a result of his efforts, “Kutadgu Bilig” was widely and highly
regarded among Turkic peoples.
The work is important not only as a literary, but also as a historical, political and philosophical
resource. It reflects the social structure, Public Administration, moral standards and values of
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medieval Turkic society. The work also makes extensive use of elements of folk oral creativity,
such as Proverbs, proverbs, and folkloric motifs.
The significance of the “Kutadgu Bilig” is that although it was written in its day, the ideas and
pans-exhortations in it remain relevant today. The work is appreciated as a spiritual heritage
among Turkic peoples, which has made a significant contribution to the development of Uzbek
literature and culture.
“Kutadgu Bilig” is not only a literary work, but also a philosophical “pandoma” (exhortation)
that offered solutions to the political, social and moral issues of its time. Its content is still
relevant today and is an important resource on the way to building a perfect human upbringing
and a just society.
The purpose and function of fiction is to create a perfect human urine and, through it, to
influence the reader's heart. Such moments of influence will consist only of a few of a person's
life. In such moments of bliss, pure feelings awaken in the human psyche, noble intentions are
born in his mind, he feeds the universe with an enviable and glorious look. All good deeds, great
discoveries, incredible miracles in the life of mankind occur in such moments when a person is
spiritually elevated. In order to gain perfection and rise spiritually, a person must have good
manners and great knowledge.
In Yusuf Khass Hajib's “Kutadgu Bilig”, paired words (binary units) have an important semantic
load, through which the author expresses the socio-political, moral and philosophical views of
his time. These pairs of words are often used in a work to represent opposing or complementary
concepts.
For example, in the following couplet:
"Know the knowledge great, realize the blessing, The two exalted the slave, too."
“Bilimni buyuk bil, uqishni ne’mat, Ikkisi yuksaltar qulni ham albat.”
Here, it is emphasized that the acquisition and reading of science through the pair of
"knowledge" and "comprehension" elevate the human being. The words "great" and "blessing"
further enhance the value of knowledge and reading.
In another couplet:
"When reason is recorded, glory is then, Knowledge is in whom, greatness is in it."
“Aql qayda bo‘lsa, ulug‘lik shunda, Bilim kimda, bo‘lsa, buyuklik unda.”
Here, through the pair of "reason" and "knowledge," the way reason and knowledge lead a
person to glory is shown. The words "glory" and "greatness" come as the result of reason and
knowledge. Yusuf Khass Hajib, through a pair of words, expresses the socio-political, moral, and
philosophical views of his time, urging the reader to reflect deeply. These pairs increase the
artistic and philosophical value of the work.
Through a pair of words, the work highlights human qualities, public administration, moral
values, and life philosophies. Through these pairs, the author raises important issues of his time
and expresses them in an artistic way. Through the semantics of paired words in “Kutadgu Bilig”,
Yusuf Khass Hajib conveys the socio-political, moral, and philosophical views of his time. These
pairs increase the artistic and philosophical value of the work and invite the reader to deep
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contemplation. The early verses of Yusuf Khass Hajib's “Kutadgu Bilig” praise God's oneness,
power, and kindness. Through the pair of words (binary units) used in these verses, the author
expresses divine qualities more deeply.
For example, the words "thanksgiving," "praise," and "Psalm" express gratitude and recognition
to God. Here, "thanksgiving" means gratitude, "praise" means commendation, and "Psalm"
means glorification. Their joint use emphasizes the oneness and grandeur of God. The pair
"creator" and "God" represents the attributes of God as the creator and beings as his creations.
Through this pair, the author shows the power of God and His rule over all beings.
In the verse "“Berar rizqin, barcha, quvnab yegusi”" the qualities of Allah as the provider of
sustenance and the nurturer of all beings are emphasized. Here, "sustenance" means food,
"quvnab" means joyfully, and "yegusi" means devourer. Through these pairs, the author shows
the kindness of God and His care for all beings. In general, through the pairs of words used in
these verses, Yusuf Khass Hajib deeply expresses God's oneness, power, kindness, and nurturing
qualities. These pairs enrich the religious-philosophical content of the work and invite the reader
to deep contemplation. The semantics of paired words play an important role in "Kutadgu Bilig."
Through these pairs of words, Yusuf Khass Hajib expresses the socio-political, moral, and
philosophical views of his time.
In the work, paired words are often used to express opposing or complementary concepts. For
example, the pair "qut" and "knowledge" are also present in the title of the work, symbolizing the
harmony between "happiness" and "knowledge." Through this pair, the author emphasizes the
need for knowledge to achieve happiness.
The importance of justice in the ruler is depicted through the pair "justice" and "state." The pair
"reason" and "contentment," on the other hand, highlight the need for reason and contentment for
a person to achieve perfection. Through the pair "science" and "practice," the importance of
harmonizing knowledge with practice is illustrated. Yusuf Khass Hajib, through these pairs of
words, conveys the socio-political, moral, and philosophical views of his time, urging the reader
to reflect deeply. These pairs enhance the artistic and philosophical value of the work.
In conclusion,
through the semantics of the pairs of words in "Kutadgu Bilig," Yusuf Khass
Hajib articulates the socio-political, moral, and philosophical perspectives of his era. These pairs
enrich the artistic and philosophical depth of the work and encourage the reader to engage in
profound reflection. Through these pairs of words, the work emphasizes human qualities, public
administration, moral values, and life philosophies. Through these pairs, the author raises
important issues of his time and expresses them in an artistic manner.
REFERENCES:
1.
Abdujabborova, F. (2011). Lexicon Expressing Personal Traits and Characteristics in
“Qutadghu Bilig”. Candidate of Philological Sciences Dissertation. Tashkent.
2.
Abdurahmonov, G‘., Tukhliyev, B., Rustamov, A., Dadaboyev, H. (2011). Qutadghu
Bilig. Volumes I–V. Tashkent: Jahon Print.
3.
Abdushukurov, B. (2017). The Lexicon of “Qissasi Rabghuzi”. Doctor of Philological
Sciences Dissertation Abstract. Tashkent.
4.
Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language. Volumes I–V. (2006–2008). Tashkent:
National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan.
5.
Devereux, Robert. (2007). Yusuf Khass Hajib and the Kutadgu Bilig. The Muslim World,
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