Architecture

The article presents the results of research on the problems of preservation of architectural monuments of Uzbekistan. The methods of restoration of architectural monuments (restoration, reconstruction) and their purpose are shown, it is determined that the only method of solving restoration problems is international cooperation.

Мавзунинг долзарблиги. Маданий-маънавий мсроснинг кўплиги, бой ва ранг-баранглиги хамда кадимийлиги билан Узбекистан дунёда етакчи ўринлардан бирида туради. Шуниси эътиборлики, бугунги кунга қадар Ўрта Осиё давлатларида жойлашган 6 та маданий мсрос объсктлари “Бутунжахон маданий мсрослари рўйхати”дан жой олган бўлса, шундан 5 таси Узбекистан Рсспубликаси ҳудудида жойлашган. Ҳозирги вақтда барча тарихий объсктларни ҳимоялаш, саклаб колишда давлат назорати ўрнатилган. Мустакиллик йиллари халқимизнинг ўзлигини уйғотиб, руҳий-маънавий юксалтириш ва миллий таракқиётимизни таъминлаш учун ўтмиш мсросимизни тиклаш ва ривожлантириш мамлакатимизда давлат сиёсати даражасига кўтарилди. Эндиликда улуғ аждодларимиз яратиб қолдирган ғоят бой ва ранг-баранг моддий ҳамда маънавий мсрослар тикланиб, халкимиз ҳаётига янги мазмун бахш этмокда. Улар биз учун факат ўтмишдан колган ёдгорликларгина эмас, балки аждодларимизнинг мсхнати, акл-идроки ва тафаккурининг улкан ютуғи, бсбаҳо бойлигимиз, маънавиятимиз шаклланишининг битмас манбаидир.
Юртимизнинг ссрқирра ва кадимги мсъморий ёдгорликларини сақлаб қолиш борасидаги таъмир ишларини илмий ўрганиш ва замонавий музей-қўриқхона сифатида янги туризм инфраструктурасини яратиш нафақат Узбекистан ва бутун Урта Осиё миқёсида, шунингдек жаҳон илмий тадқикотчилари ўртасида ҳам катта кизиқиш уйғотмокда. Таъмиршуносликда эски услубларни чуқур тадкиқ этган ҳолда, янги услубларни ёдгорликларнинг ижобий таъмирланиши борасида уйгунлаштирилиши ва қўлланилиши ҳолатлари ҳамда замонавий музейлаштириш муаммолари назарий баён этилмаган бўлиб, фақатгина амалий кўринишларида акс эттирилиб, умумий архив ҳужжатларида кискача баён этиб ўтилган. Биз ушбу илмий иш борасида мавзу доирасидаги турли мсъморлар томонидан таъмир жараёнлари кайд этилган дсярли барча маълумотларни жамлаб, ёдгорликларда олиб борилган таъмирлаш, тиклаш ишларини яхлит кўринишда бсришга харакат қиламиз. Таъмирлаш ишлари бсвосита ёдгорликларнинг бадиий кийматини сақлаб қолиб, уларни оммага тадбиқ этиш вазифасини хам камраб олади. Ушбу маънавий ва моддий бойликларимизни сақлаш услубиятини ўрганиш, ундаги салбий оқибатларга олиб келадиган холатларни бартараф этиш ва уларни замонавий музсйлаштириш малакавий битирув ишимизнинг асоси хисобланади. Шу туфайли хам бу мавзу алохида ахамият касб этади ва илмий ўрганиш учун долзарб бўлиб колади.
Мақсад ва вазифалар. Ўрта Осиёда меъморий ёдгорликларни таъмирлаш амалиёти тарихининг вужудга кслиши, унинг илк асосчилари, ушбу борада кенг изланишлар олиб борган ташкилотлар, замонавий таъмир амалиётлари ҳамда замонавий музейлаштириш ҳакида маълумот бсриш, шунингдек илк таъмир ишларининг салбий ва ижобий ҳолатлари, халк усталарининг тажрибаларидан фойдаланиш амалиёти тарихини ўрганиш ва бу услубларни замонавий таъмир услубларига тадбиқ этиш малакавий битирув ишимизнинг асосий максади ҳисобланади. Санъат ёдгорликлари асрлар давомида ҳар кандай фалокатларни енгиб ўтиб, ўз кўрку жамолини, жозибаси ва умри боқий бўёқларини кўз-кўз қилиб турган обидалардаги таъмир жараёнлари кай тарзда шаклланиши хам бу борада муҳим аҳамиятга эта. Таъмирловчи усталар аждодларимиз табаррук хотираси олдида ҳамиша таъзимда бўлиб, уларнинг ҳаёт синовларидан мардона ўтган иш услубларига қатъий риоя қилиши, шарафли касбига садоқатини бундан ксйин хам бир неча асрлар давомида намойиш этиш тарихини баён этиш хам малакавий битирув ишимиз асосида кўриб ўтилади.
Малакавий битирув ишимизнинг асосий вазифаси таъмир этилган барча ёдгорликларни ўз жойида рўйхатга олиш, мухофазалаш ва музей-қўриқхона таркибига халқаро тажрибалар асосида киритиш учун бир қанча талаб ва таклифларни ўрганган холда, янги услубларни тадбиқ этиш муаммоларини ўрганиш ҳамда замонавий музейлаштириш бўйича ижобий ҳолатларни кашф этилиши каби муаммоларни ўрганишдан иборат. Шунингдек, таъмир ишларидаги нуқсонларни бартараф этиш, фан-техника ютуқларидан окилона фойдаланиш, классик ва замонавий мсъморчиликнинг энг яхши кирраларини ўзаро уйғунлаштириш учун барча чора-тадбирларни кўриш шу куннинг долзарб вазифаси сифатида тадбиқ этилади.
Хулоса.
Илмий тадқикот ишларини олиб бориш жараёнида Кириш кисмида кўрсатилган максад ва вазифалар асосида тадкиқотлар олиб борилди ва натижада қуйидаги хулоса ва якунлар хал этилди.
Узбекистан ёдгорликлари кадимийлиги ва ўз санъатининг гўзаллиги билан дунёга машҳурдир. Бизнинг бу тарихий ёдгорликларимиз ҳозирги кунгача ўз мафтункор жилвасини йўкотмаган. Юксак дид билан ишланган бсзаклар бизни хозиргача ҳайратга солиб келмокда. Ҳакикатдан хам, мсъморчилик ёдгорликлари Урта Осиё халкларининг ўлмас солномасидир: у дидларни чархлайди, гўзаллик туйғуларини тарбиялайди, ўз даврининг ғоялари, мақсадлари ва орзу-ўйларини ифодалайди”.
Асрлар ўтиши билан ҳар хил даҳшатли урушлар ва табиий офатлар кўпгина ёдгорликлар багридаги такрорланмас жозибани смиришга, кошинларнинг кўчишига хамда иморатларнинг кулашига олиб келади.
Узбскистоннинг ссркирра ва қадимги ёдгорликларини ўрганиш ва уни сақлаб колиш борасидаги таъмир ишларини кузатиб, назарий ва амалий аҳамиятини тўлақонли ёритиб бсриш, шунингдек замонавий музей-қўриқхона сифатида янги туризм инфраструктурасини яратиш услубияти илмий ишимизнинг асосий қисмида кўриб ўтилди.
Малакавий битирув ишининг биринчи бобида Узбеки стон мсъморий ёдгорликларини таъмирлаш амалиёти тарихининг вужудга кслиши, бу соҳадаги муаммолар XX аернинг 20-йилларидан бошлаб ўрганиб чиқилди. Шундай қилиб, 1921 Йили музей ишлари, қадимий мсъморчилик обидаларини сақлаш бўйича Туркистон комитета (Турккомстарис), 1925 йилда Ўрта Осиё комитета (Средкомстарис), 1932 йилда Ўрта Осиё ташкилоти Бухорода ўз филиалини очган. Бухоро ташкилотида (Бухкомстарис) олиб борилган ишлар ва таниқли таъмиршунос олимлар В.А.Шишкин, И.И.Умняков, Муса Саиджонов олиб борган таъмир услубларини амалиётда халк усталари билан хамкорликда олиб борган ишлари тадқиқ қилинди.
Мустақиллик йилларида юртимизнинг қадимий шаҳарларида олиб борилган йирик таъмир ишлари бор маълумотлар асосида тўлиқ ёритилган.
Музей-қўриқхонанинг шаклланишида янги босқич бошланиши, музейшуносликда ёдгорликлар билан ишлаш бўйича асосий вазифа -маданий бойликларимизни асраш, обидаларнинг эстетик ва бадиий қийматини оммага стказиш услублари ўрганиб чикилди.
Иқтисоднинг ривожланиши, замонавий туризм индустриясидан тушган реал даромад асосида музей-қўрикхонада янги услубларни жорий этилиши кўриб ўтилди. Таъмирланган хар бир бино катта маблаг асосида қайта тикланади, ана шу сарф этилган барча харажатларни музей-қўрикхонадан оқилона, биноларига зарар етказмасдан туристик маршрутлар ташкил этиш билан давлат ғазнасига қайтариш мумкин бўлган йўллар ўрганиб чиқилди.
Узбекистан мсъморчилик ёдгорликлари ўзига хослиги, гўзаллиги, салобати, композицион тузилишининг ўта уйғунлиги ва мутаносиблиги, улугворлиги, нафосатга бойлиги билан жаҳонга машҳурдир. Лскин кудратли вакт улар дан кўпчилигининг бағрида чукур асорат колдирган. Шу туфайли иншоотлар таъмирга мухтождир. Таъмир иши эса кишидан юксак тажриба, чукур билим, юқори махорат ва малака талаб қилади. Зотан, бу гўзаллик обидаларига иккинчи умр бахш этиш иштиёки билан ёнган халқ усталари зиммасида муқаддас, шарафли, айни пайтда машаққатли бурч турибди.
Албатта, кўҳна обидаларни таъмирлаш умумхалк ахамиятидаги иш бўлиб, бу сохада юксак даражадаги сифат ва самарадорлик сув билан хаводек зарур. Зотан, кадимги мсъморлар масаланинг мана шу жихатига жиддий эътибор бсришган. Мсъморчилик ва бинокорлик ишларида, лойиҳалашда иложи борича нуқсонларга йўл қўймасликка, энг муҳими мсъморчиликда зарур бўлган матсриалларнинг пишиқ, чидамли бўлишига ҳаракат қилишган.
Шу туфайли бу санъат ёдгорликлари асрлар давомида ҳар қандай фалокатларни енгиб ўтиб, ўз кўрку жамолини, жозибаси ва умри боқий бўёқларини кўз-кўз қилиб турибди. Таъмирловчи усталар аждодларимиз табаррук хотираси олдида ҳамиша таъзимда бўлиб, уларнинг ҳаёт синовларидан мардона ўтган иш услубларига қатъий риоя қилиши, шарафли касбига садоқатини бундан ксйин ҳам бир неча асрлар давомида намойиш этиши ксрак.
Хулоса қилиб айтганда, таъмир ишларидаги нуксонларни бартараф этиш, фан-техника ютукларидан оқилона фойдаланиш, классик ва замонавий мсъморчиликнинг энг яхши кирраларини ўзаро уйғунлаштириш учун барча чора-тадбирларни кўриш шу куннинг долзарб масалаларидан биридир.

The scientific novelty of the research is as follows:
historical and traditional, typological, landscaping and environmental, architectural planning, composition and landscape-specific solutions and design architectural methods to create and develop the rural landscape architecture have been identified;
objects of rural landscape architecture are categorized and comprehensive factors are defined that affect the rural landscape architecture formation;
general town-planning requirements are elaborated with the due regard for trees, bushes, flower gardens and artificial ponds appropriate for the rural landscaping architecture;
the “wind effect” method is substantiated in terms of soft landscaping and creation of green environment in rural settlements;
the approach is developed to select decorative greenery used for rural landscaping architecture of rural settlements located in different climatic and geographic regions of the republic;
criteria soundly based on theory of urban planning, architectural planning and landscaping for green park area of general and restricted use;
the pattern is developed to create the system of parks and landscaping architecture of rural settlements in steppe, piedmont and high-mountain landscape and climatic zones in Uzbekistan.

This article presents a group of words that denote the names of government officials. The governor, head, ambassador, messenger are considered. The authors showed, in general, the diplomatic terminological systems in both Russia and England in the 16th–17th centuries, which were in the process of searching and developing unambiguous correspondences.

AS the years go by through the ages, hundreds of the languages have been disappeared in the consequences of usage and demand issues of the language among the people. However, we have still some languages that have been surviving through rise and falla of the faith

Subjects of the research: the courtyard belonging to the residential houses, public buildings and architectural ensembles in the traditional architecture of Central Asia, their architectural and planning solutions, the forms of yard traditions in modern architecture.
Aim of the research: To study the formation and development of yard traditions in architecture in Uzbekistan, and development issues in the implementation of modern architecture.
Methods of research: Historical and architectural resources devoted to building yard traditions in architecture in Central Asia, the scientific review and summarize the measure and plan drawings of buildings and structures.
The results achieved and their novelty: for the first time in the architectural research had been developed the processes of courts, their ways of formation and development, classification yards, their place and role in creating the microclimate in the social sphere, as well as recommendations for use and application of methods and traditions of the creation of households in the modern architecture. For the first time are specifically studied and summarized the collected scientific data on the formation and development of yard traditions in architecture in Central Asia, and made new scientific findings.
Practical value: The results enrich and deepen the knowledge of the history and theory of architecture in Central Asia , are of great practical importance in modern architecture for design of houses, taking into account the traditions and climate conditions. The scientific advice and guidance can be made to SNIP and regulations for the design.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: According to the results of research, lectures are read at universities, national and international conferences held in Sam GASI, TASI and Russia (Penza), results published in scientific journals, put into practice. The effectiveness of the significant social, architectural design and education system.
Field of application: The scientific results can be used as a guide for architects designing low-rise buildings, public buildings and architectural ensembles, and also during training students of Architecture and Construction Institute on “The history of architecture" and "Architectural Design".

Engaging Opening Urban areas are the heart of human civilization, serving as centers of economy, culture, and innovation. However, rapid urbanization and decades of wear and tear pose significant challenges to the sustainable development of cities. In order to address these issues and create livable, resilient urban spaces, the importance of urban reconstruction and renovation cannot be understated. Background and Challenges Urban development faces numerous challenges, including aging infrastructure, population growth, climate change, and limited land availability. These issues necessitate the exploration of innovative solutions and approaches, such as the use of geoengineering systems, to transform urban landscapes and ensure their adaptability to future needs.

This article discusses the specifics of the design solutions of the madrasah of the XVIII-XX centuries in the architectural context. The typology and variations of madrasas, which have been preserved and are also used in the construction of modern madrasahs, Islamic educational centers, the differences and features of the Bukhara, Khiva and Kokand architectural schools have been studied. Regularities of formation and development of local architectural schools are revealed. In particular, the article touches upon the issue of the influence of the historical, economic and political development of the region on the formation of local religious architecture in Uzbekistan.

Historic buildings are an integral part of a community’s cultural heritage. These structures serve as a testament to the history and development of a city or region. The preservation and restoration of historic buildings are complex, multifaceted and expensive processes, but they are worth the cost, as they help to glorify and restore our heritage and preserve our roots. In this article, we will explore the importance of preserving and restoring historic buildings and the impact it has on the local community.

Ushbu maqolada shahar markazlarining rejaviy echimini larini shakllantirish va yurtimizdagi shahar markazlari to’g’risida so’z yuritilgan. Bundan tashqari markazlarining rejaviy echimini hayotimizda qay darajada roll mavjud ekanligini ham ko’rishimiz mumkin.

This article discusses the architectural solution, architecture, artistic decorations of the Sarmozor guzar mosque built in Kattakorgan in the early 19th-20th centuries, and the issues of preserving its current appearance, as well as issues of conservation and restoration by qualified specialists.

The Ashtarkhanids implemented important reforms in the educational system in order to improve educational standards and support the holistic development of students. This article discussed the main aspects of the education system during the Ashtarkhanids.

The article is devoted to the study of the condition of the preserved structures of architectural monuments of Uzbekistan, the residual load bearing capacity of the masonry, the examination of the condition of the structures of architectural monuments, and the solution to the issue of their strengthening and restoration.

This article discusses the factors that negatively affect the durability of architectural monuments located in Uzbekistan. The study uses a qualitative methodology that includes archival research, expert interviews and on-site observations. The results show that factors such as environmental degradation, human activity and lack of maintenance contribute to the deterioration of these monuments. The discussion highlights the importance of preserving these cultural artifacts for future generations and suggests strategies to increase their longevity.

the article discusses the results of a full-scale technical survey and the proposed methods of
restoration and reconstruction measures to ensure the durability of the “Madrasai Mir” building in the city of Kokand.

The article is devoted to the formation and development of architectural eclecticism in Central Asia, as well as to the conservation and restoration of the architectural heritage of the late 19th - early 20th centuries on the example of the cities of Uzbekistan.

Taking into account the location of industrial areas near water bodies and historical areas of the city,
their negative impact on the areas close to them complicates the processes of improving the ecological and urban planning conditions of the urban environment. The impact of the industrial area on the environment of neighboring areas upsets the balance of interdependence with nature

The article presents some results of a monitoring field study and determination of the technical condition of a traditional residential building located in the territory of Ichan Kala mahalla “Zargarlar", the city of Khiva.

This article examines the factors that have a negative impact on architectural monuments. The conclusions show that factors such as environmental degradation, human activity and lack of technical maintenance cause the deterioration of these monuments.

This article talks about one of the problems of ensuring the architecture-landscape structure of the southern urban centers of Uzbekistan, further greening and improvement of the ecological environment. It is known that the climate of the southern cities is strongly continental, so it is possible to observe both the harshness of winter and the heat of summer in this area. For this reason, information was provided on the feasibility of building on the basis of innovative projects in the organization of architectural landscape and the relevance of showing the ways of effective landscape organization in the regions by combining urban architecture, landscape architecture and design.

This article analyzes the issues of landscape architecture improvement in the Republic of Uzbekistan, especially in the roadside areas connecting the tourist routes of the Namangan region.

In this article, the unification of the partition system around the courtyard was a "miracle" in the typology of buildings, such a system has an all-round convenient planning solution that meets the religious and domestic tasks of social processes (learning, prayer, zikr, living, etc.).

The aim of the research work is to improve the criteria for the formation of architectural ensembles and complexes, aimed at the further development of townplanning in Uzbekistan.
Scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
justified that the urban aesthetics of the medieval traditional architecture of Uzbekistan was formed on the basis of the mutual arrangement of ensembles and complexes on the principle of enfilade, ramified enfilade and compact rods;
clarified the relationship between inherent in traditional medieval urban planning the main urban center of the city, and minor centers of architectural ensembles and the centers of Mahalla;
in the formation of the panorama of the city, criteria for the inseparable connection of the vertical accents of densely populated areas have been developed;
worked out experimental projects on creation of squares and ensembles by modernizing traditional methods of building ensembles;
established that in the years of Independence methods of planning of peculiar ensembles and complexes have been formed and a mechanism for their wide application has been created.

Successful training depends not only on active vocabulary, but also, mainly, on the presentation of cultural material about England. First of all, it depends on the wide information about the greatest ancient architectures. What is successfully solved in extracurricular time. With the maximum use of intellectual and creative abilities of adolescents, including in adequate communication and educational activities of adolescents. The article reveals the content of new technologies, non-traditional and original methods, innovative techniques, modern information tools that are effectively used in extracurricular activities, primarily for the development of intellectual and creative activities of teenagers - namely in extracurricular work - on potentially effective material - about the monuments of history
and culture of England

This article examines examples of the world's bionic architecture and their ecobionic features. Research has been carried out on the development of a new phenomenon in architecture, based on the integration of natural technologies into the field of construction design. The influence of ecobionics on the emergence of an extraordinary direction in architecture is shown.