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THE TRANSLATION OF THE POLITICAL TEXTS
Salieva Zarrina Ilkhomovna
PhD, associate professor, Department of Translation theory and Practice
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
Yavkocheva Feruza Husanovna
Master degree student of Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
Parpiyeva Nodira Azimjon qizi
Master degree student of Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
Abstract—
This study aims to address the primary challenges and issues that arise while translating political texts from English
into Uzbek. The article intends to examine the teaching methods of political texts in translation in two languages - English and
Uzbek. The article comprises an analysis of an English text translated into Uzbek. The research's conclusions showed that teaching
political writings linked to the English language in translation necessitates knowing and recognizing words and homonyms as well
as employing a variety of translation techniques. Through these features given some analyzed and teaching methods are given with
the conclusion of the text analysis. Moreover, using these methods in translation is very helpful for students to understand political
texts in English language.
Keywords
— Translation, translation problems, political language, political texts, translation techniques.
1.
I
NTRODUCTION
Translation is a highly prevalent phenomenon in the field of language instruction. Translation is "the replacement of textual
material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)" (Catfor, 2005:p.20). According to Catford's
definition equivalence is regarded the most important aspect of written translation. Similarly, Bell (2001:p.6) defines translation as
"the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in the second language".
Thus, the main goal of translation process is to achieve the proper equivalence. Nida (2014:p.94) stated that" language is part of the
culture, but translation from one language to another involves, in addition to other cultural problems, the social and in some case
political characteristics of respect language". Nida and Taber (2011:p.12) defined translation as "translation consists of reproducing
in the receptor language (SL) message firstly, in terms of meaning and secondly in term of style". In translation, there are oral and
written translation types, which in turn are divided into parts. As part of our article, we will consider political texts.
2.
M
AIN PART
Political texts. In order to understand teaching methods of political texts in translation it is essential to investigate what political
and social texts. In addition, it is pivotal to investigate how to define and specify genres for the rationale of political and social
texts. Political texts belong to the category of the special languages used in social science, and are closely linked to the history of
political thought. In political language there are a lot of terms that related to official events and ceremonies, historical events,
recording data and facts such as highlighting important legal and territorial changes and political events in the world, wars, treaties
and others. The political representations of different countries generally require the use of two or more languages and therefore the
languages used on the scene of diplomacy are in permanent contact thus establishing a kind of lingua franca of diplomacy. These
scenes of diplomacy are relations with third countries and international organizations, I international forums and nonpolitical
events with international impact.
Translation problems of political texts. Translation theorists and scholars have offered many classes of translation problems based
on their understanding of the process and associated challenges. For instance, Christina Nord (1997, p. 64) advocates for
functionalist approaches to translation, recognizing that "translation problems may be categorized as pragmatic, cultural, linguistic
or text-specific". This research follows her classification to address challenges faced by translators while translating political texts.
As a result, the remainder of this section will go into great detail about these four translation issues.
1. Linguistic challenges arise due to variances between the original and target languages. Languages vary greatly in terms of
grammatical structures, idiomatic expressions, and situations, making them rarely similar
2. Cultural problems: these are issues with how different people express their ideas and approach different texts. For instance, an
instruction manual written in Uzbek might differ from one written in English, or two cultures might classify different animal
species differently.
3. Pragmatic concerns refer to problems with time, place, and context. State organizations with diverse titles and connotations, such
as American State Departments and British Ministries, are an excellent approach to represent pragmatic issues across cultures.
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4. Text-specific issues: These problems are associated with a particular text. Put differently, certain issues and challenges are
unique to a given text and do not appear in other texts. In contrast to the UK, where it is divided into multiple sections and
subsections, the Uzbek General Power of Attorney wording is written in a single paragraph without any divisions or subsections.
Every translation issue can be resolved. We can understand how to locate the solution. Linguistic problems can be solved by using
dictionaries, language databases, and other linguistic tools (Nord, 1997). Cultural issues can be addressed by comparing to parallel
writings. For example, if you need to translate a marriage contract from the UK, the first step is to find a marriage contract sample
in the target language. That is why it is advisable to create a collection of parallel texts for each strategy (Nord, 1997). Pragmatic
concerns can be addressed via the translation brief or by discussing directly with the customer (Nord, 1997). Finally, translators
can overcome the text-specific.
Political Language and Translation. Firmly related texts are one of the characteristics that the political system is made of, so when
working on establishing a new text (e.g., translations) "its coherence with the rest of the political texts" must be highly focused on
(Sárosi-Márdirosz, 2014). Political terminology for instance, party of a contract, death-penalty and some non-terminological
elements like regarding, breaking a contract can confirm this coherence. Non- jurists may find it difficult to understand the political
texts as this coherence is also contributed by the tradition of the political texts. The reason is the juridical system is as logical
system and the texts of which strive to get away from complexity and tough descriptions that are beyond the abilities of ordinary
individual to comprehend, that might need to make further research so that it is clear enough. The defined range of these texts can
illustrate the use of long phrases that bring about a tough responsibility for the translators to work on. In order for these texts to be
understood someone must interpret them.
Strong complexity of the source text such as: act or contract, deed of foundation or statute, etc. is one of the issues that a translator
might face (SárosiMárdirosz, 2014). Even though this notion contradicts the logical feature of the political texts, unskillfulness or
lack of knowledge of those who have written the texts results in translators often encountering these problems (Sárosi-Márdirosz,
2014). Encountering problems and difficulties related to the act of translation can make a translator an interpreter, whereas facing
the problems related to the content of the paper does not. The lack of lucidity caused by the differences between the two language
systems makes the problem even more significant. Translators have to avoid creativity and try to embed the traditional specialized
language within the translation process (Sárosi-Márdirosz, 2014). In the present research, the specialized language refers to the
language of a field or range that reflects part of reality which, at the end, is the research domain of a group of specialists (Kurtán,
2003, p. 50).
Tackling specialized language is never an easy job for translators, as they could possibly use other linguistic choices, or they might
not approve the prevailing words and expressions. Another hardship that translators could challenge is that the documentation
sources could not be accessible to them (Várnai, 2006, p. 48 cited in Sárosi-Márdirosz, 2014). In translating political texts,
adopting the existing source language terms and expressions by the translators is extremely crucial, due to the fact that this will be
the code of political translation and the device of coherent texts (Sárosi-Márdirosz, 2014, p. 169). In order to obtain and establish
the most appropriate equivalent between the original and the target texts, translators should pay a very close attention to many
political, linguistic and cultural features when they come across new notions and ideas in the process of translation.
E.Nida (1964 & 2004) remarks that language can be considered as a component of culture, and in reality, it is the most complicated
set of traditions that can be found in any culture. Language is the mirror of the culture, gives the way to get familiarity with the
culture, and in many regards creates a cultural model. Sárosi-Márdirosz (2014) states that the following techniques might be used
by translators in order to convey some cultural certain items and to reflect a particular cultural model:
Omission
when a part of a text is either deleted or reduced.
Expansion
changing original implicit information into explicit information in the main div or in footnotes or a glossary.
Updating
Replacing obsolete or unclear information by modern equivalent.
Situational equivalence
Embedding more familiar contexts instead of the original one.
Creation Replacing the original text with a text that keeps the important message, ideas, and functions of the original one.
Translation methods. In order to translate socio-political texts using some methods requires several steps. The main reason for this
is multi-meaning of terms in English language. These methods are very helpful to identify the terms and translate them properly. In
the given table below there is given some methods which are used in written translation.
Table 1. Methods of translation
Methods
1. Identifying socio-political terms in English language;
2. Understanding socio-political terms in English texts
3. Choosing proper translation technique
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Each of the methods in the table has their features to understand. The first method that is identifying socio-political term in English
language is used to help translators how to identify exact terms in English languages. Because of the globalization and changes in
the world, a lot of new terms appear in world languages such as English, French, Russian and others. For example:
Table 2. Used new terminology
1. From Stettin the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent.
1. The term “iron curtain”
2. Under international law, it is illegal to deprive nationals of citizenship if to do so would leave them stateless
2.The term “stateless”
In this text the terms related to political sphere are “iron curtain” and “stateless. Translators, firstly, need to identify words or word
phrases that have socio-political meaning. To carry out this process, the first method which is given in the first table is used. In
order to identify the terms from English texts the translator should understand metaphors. As we mentioned above political term 37
“iron curtain” has its metaphor meaning. If we translate this term phrase using its direct meaning, it will lose its political meaning
and the text will not be understandable. So finding out metaphors we can use the first method is used in written translation process.
The second method is called understanding the terms in English texts. This method is required to get the meaning of the terms after
finding out them and before translating them. The main reason for this is that there are a lot of homonyms and it is difficult to
clarify and translate from one language to another. For example:
Table 3. Homonyms
New virus is being spread fast in Chine. The residents of some cities are objecting not to be given first aids. Yet, aides are trying to
help them as much as they can
Homonyms:
Aids
Aides
The third method is choosing proper translation techniques. The process of translating sociopolitical terms in written translation
translators use several translation techniques such as expanding, omitting, adding and others.
For example:
Table 4. Techniques of translation
1.
From Stettin to Trieste in the Adriatic area an iron curtain has descended across the continent.
2.
New virus is being spread fast in China. The residents of some cities are objecting not to be given first aids. Yet, aides are trying to
help them as much as they can.
1.
Qit’a bo’ylab joylashgan devorning Stetindan Trestegacha bo’lgan qismi Adriatika hududida quladi
2.
Xitoyda yangi virus tez tarqalmoqda. Ba’zi shaharlarning aholisi birinchi tez yordam ko’rsatilmayotganligidan norozi bo’lmoqda.
Ammo tez tibbiy yordam xodimlari imkon qadar yordam qilishmoqda
In these texts the translation technique adaptation is used by the translator. As it can be seen from the text the term “iron curtain”
consists two words, but the translation in Uzbek language is only one word “devorning”. Conversely, next terms “aids” and “aides”
are one word only, but their translations in Uzbek language are consisted of several words. In order to translate them into Uzbek
language, adaptation is used also. If these terms were translated word by word, their meanings would not be understandable in
Uzbek language. So, choosing or finding out right translation techniques is very crucial in written translation.
3.
C
ONCLUSION
Written translation is one of the most difficult subjects faced by students. The difference between Uzbek and English languages
and the variation in their cultures make the process of translating a real challenge and with the globalization this challenge is
becoming more complex. Translation methods in written translation which we have discussed in this paper are really fruitful to
understand and translate of socio-political texts. Throughout our paper, we have tried to show some translation methods and their
usages with the given examples. Analyzing the examples, we can conclude that using the translation methods in the process of
socio-political texts helps us not only to translate texts but also to understand the terms and overall meaning of contexts. In
conclusion it is visible that three methods which we have given are directly connected to each other and by using those jobs of
translator.
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