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PHONOLOGICAL ASPECT OF ENGLISH SPEECH SOUNDS
Karimova Shalola Imyaminjon qizi, Student of Andijan State Institute of
Foreign Languages (Uzbekistan)
Supervisor: Kurbanov Muzaffar Abdumutalibovich, Professor of Andijan
State Institute of Foreign Languages (Uzbekistan)
Abstract: The article is about the phonological aspect of English speech
sounds. Units of sound sequence are called syllables or syllables. It is a unit of a
sequence of sounds marked by one unit of the loudest sound, which may or may not
be accompanied by another sound in front of it. The field of linguistics that studies,
analyzes, and discusses the sequence of language sounds is called phonology,
etymologically, the word phonology is sound, and logic, which is science.
Keywords: criteria, traditional linguistic term, categorization of words,
classification, phonemization, speech sounds.
Аннотация: Статья о фонологическом аспекте английских речевых
звуков. Единицы звуковой последовательности называются слогами. Слог –
это единица последовательности звуков, характеризующаяся одной наиболее
громкой звуковой единицей, которая может сопровождаться или не
сопровождаться другим звуком перед ней. Раздел лингвистики, который
изучает, анализирует и обсуждает последовательность языковых звуков,
называется фонологией. Этимологически слово «фонология» состоит из
«phono» — звук и «logy» — наука.
Ключевые слова: критерии, традиционный лингвистический термин,
классификация или категоризация слов, фонемизация, речевые звуки.
INTRODUCTION
Traditional linguists use criteria of meaning and criteria of function. The
meaning criteria are used to identify the verb, noun, and adjective classes.
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Meanwhile, functional criteria are used to identify prepositions, conjunctions,
adverbs, pronouns, and others.
Thus, according to this traditional linguistic term, what is called a word verb
is a word which denotes an action or action; what is called a noun is a word that
denotes an object or something that is bent; and what is called a conjunction is a word
that has a duty or function to connect a word with a word, or part of a sentence with
one another.
However, the formulation of noun verbs and conjunctions like the one above
for Indonesian turns out to be a lot of trouble, because the morphological
characteristics of the Indonesian language apparently cannot help to determine the
class of words. For example, in Indonesian, a word with a certain prefix is not
necessarily a verb, because some are also nouning such as defendant and accused.
Indonesian adverbs do not have morphological characteristics. Apart from the
aforementioned traditional linguists, there are also structuralist and linguist linguists
who try to classify words. However, there are still many problems in its
identification.
Classification or categorization of words is necessary. Its benefits are
theoretical in semantic studies, as well as practical in practicing language skills. From
this word class discussion, it can be said that the determination of words based on
class or class needs to be done. However, if until now there have been many
problems, especially in Indonesian, it is presumably that the standards or criteria need
to be rethought, look for those that can truly reveal the most essential characteristics
of each class of words.
METHODS
As stated in the paragraph above, phonology is the study of language sounds,
limited to sounds that differentiate meanings. Phonetics and phonology are the
lowest-level parts of linguistics. Phonetics and phonology are not included in
grammar and also do not belong to lexicons. For most linguists today, phonetics is
considered to be included in phonology, so the two systematic levels of sound are
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only called phonology, but there are also those that distinguish phonetics and
phonology (Local, 2003; Baumann &Cangemi, 2020).
There is a necessity in language analysis to distinguish functional sounds
called phonemes from language sounds that do not have a function. So, it must be
distinguished between phonemes and phonemes. Phon (phone) is the sound of
language, while phoneme (phoneme) is the smallest sound unit capable of showing
a contrasting meaning, for example in English, / b / is a phoneme because it
distinguishes the meanings of the words bat and pat, / b / and / p / are two different
phonemes. After all, the words bat and pat have different meanings. A phoneme is
an abstraction, while its phonetic form depends on several factors, especially position
in relation to other sounds (Best & Strange, 1992; Shaywitz et al., 2004).
Phonemization is a procedure for finding phonemes. The phonemization
effort of a language is an attempt to find sounds that function in the context of
differentiating meaning. Phonemization bases itself on good and careful phonetic
recording. Phonemic recording that is prepared for phonemization work must
undergo several improvements (trial and error), it must be searched for as many
sounds in a particular language as possible
There are different ways to study language and four of them are looking at
how words are formed (morphology), how sentences are put together (syntax), what
words mean (semantics), and how words are pronounced (phonology). The different
ways of looking at a language show us what it's like and help us understand how it
works. To learn a new language, you have to know how to speak the words correctly.
The English language can be difficult to learn because of its sounds, whether you're
learning it as a second language or a foreign one.
RESULTS
This matter is important because English spelling and pronunciation can be
confusing. Many people who are learning English as a second language have trouble
pronouncing new words they have never heard before. This is especially difficult if
they have not heard someone else say the word before or if it seems familiar but they
can't remember how to say it correctly. It can feel like a trap because they want to
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say the word correctly, but they don't know "Oriental Art and Culture" Scientific
Methodical Journal / http://oac.dsmi-qf.uz Volume 4 Issue 3 / June 2023 361 ISSN
2181-063X / Impact Factor 4.047 (SJIF 2021) how. There are many words with
tricky spellings like: tomb, comb, shepherd, enough, thorough, ewe, Leicester,
Edinburgh, psychic, lamb, and so on. The word "phonetics" means the study of
sounds.
It comes from the Greek word "phone" which means sound. "Voice and 'tika'
come from science/box. " This means that voice and "tika" are related to a scientific
field or study. It's about talking out loud. However, just studying how words sound
is not enough in today's field of linguistics. Nowadays phonetics is a “science which
studies the phonetic substance and the expression area of the language, or otherwise
a physical media of a language (sounds, syllables, stress, and intonation)”[1].
Phonetics has the following four main aspects:
✓
articulatory (physiological);
✓
acoustic (physical);
✓
perceptual (auditory);
✓
phonological (social, functional, linguistic).
Articulatory Phonetics investigates the functioning of one’s speech apparatus
and mechanism. It is based on a profound knowledge of physiology and the structure
of one’s speech apparatus. While investigating the articulatory aspect of speech
sounds both subjective and objective methods are employed: the method of direct
observation (concerning the lips & the tongue movements) - the subjective method
and X-ray photography and X-ray cinematography (objective methods).
Acoustic Phonetics studies the acoustic properties of sounds (quantity,
timber/voice quality, intensity, the pitch of the voice, and temporal factor) in terms
of the frequency of vibration and the amplitude of vibration about time. The analysis
begins with a microphone, which converts the air movement into corresponding
electrical activity. While investigating the acoustic aspect of speech sounds special
laboratory equipment is employed: spectrograph, intonograph, sound analyzing &
sound synthesizing machines. Auditory Phonetics is aimed at investigating the
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hearing process which is the brain activity. Auditory Phonetics and Acoustic
Phonetics are very closely connected.
Functional Phonetics presupposes investigating the discriminatory
(distinctive) function of speech sounds. Phonetics is the study of how sounds are
made. Phoneticians only care about the sounds humans make when they talk and use
to communicate with each other. They don't care about other sounds. There are three
ways to study sound: how it's made (articulation), how it sounds (acoustics), and how
we hear it (auditory). Phonology is a way of showing how we talk and the sounds we
use. Phonology is when we study different ways of mixing sounds in a language.
Phonology is the study of how sounds are used in different languages.
It helps us understand why some sounds can only be used in certain words in
some languages but not in others. An easy way to understand this is by looking at the
sound / / at the start of English words. In other languages like French or Arabic, this
sound is used quite a lot. Phonetics and phonology have two parts: the small parts
and the big parts. Segmental phonology is about studying the different sounds we
make when we speak. We focus on the smallest units of sound called phonemes. We
can also name it phonemics. Suprasegmental phonology is the study of the different
ways we say words, like the stress we put on certain syllables and the melody of our
voice. Phonemics is about the sounds that make up words.
The smallest part of a word that doesn't have its meaning is called a phoneme.
Phonemes help us tell different words apart. The way the language sounds
and the words used are studied by other parts of language studies. The present article
tries to jointly link the utility of studying phonetics and phonology; and at the same
time reveals some of the aspects of disparity between the two branches.
DISCUSSION
If phonology is the study of the way sounds function in languages, including
phonemes, syllable structure, stress, accent, and intonation, then, phonetics; on the
other hand, is the study of the physical properties of human speech sounds, i.e., it
describes the process of their physiological production. Phonetics can be divided into
several types like: General phonetics. It studies universal positions of sound
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articulation (for instance, identification of sounds according to the position of the
differences of labial, tongue, and throat consonants, according to the ways of
articulation of plosive, fricative, and plosive-fricative features), although, general
acoustic features of sounds. Specific phonetics. It investigates above mentioned
issues in the samples of certain languages. Specific phonetics researches phonetics
in the shapes of historical and modern, synchronic and diachronic, descriptive and
experimental sides. Comparative phonetics investigates vowel and consonant
phonemes, their phonetic changes, and others in the comparative aspect of several
genetically related and non-related languages.
Phonology is all about understanding how sounds work together in language.
It's also known as phonemics or phonematics.
How words are spoken to show what they mean in different languages.
Phonology means studying the sounds of language and how they are used. The study
of Greek phone sounds and logos in linguistics began because it was necessary to
understand them. Breaking down the different parts of the sounds we make when we
talk, based on their function in language. Back in the late 1800s, there were some
scientific studies done on how sound affects our bodies and how our bodies produce
sound. This is the study of how sounds are used in words and how they are put
together to make syllables. This is about how a language makes different sounds,
which is studied specially. Starting with the sound unit called a phoneme.
Phonetics is about sounds and phonology is about specific sounds called
phonemes. Phonology is about the sounds of language and phonetics is about the
sounds you make when you speak. At a given time, the set of phonemes in a language
is closed (like function words and syntactic rules). The set of phonemes changes only
over time. English, for instance, has lost the phonemes [x] and [∑]. English has also
gained phonemes by borrowing foreign words with the sounds [z] and [Z]. Neither
of these sounds was phonemes in English until they entered the language in numerous
words borrowed from Norman French after 1066. Similarly, the sound [t] was not
part of Russian until after the Christianization in 988, when many Greek words
containing [f] were borrowed by the Slavs. The study of Phonological typology
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involves comparing sounds and how they are used in different languages. The way
sounds are used in language. This means that it is involved in organizing sounds in
language. Different symbols are used in math to show differences, figuring out how
widely they work, looking at the sound structure of languages, grouping languages
based on their sound patterns. For example, some languages may pronounce certain
sounds differently from others.
This text talks about how people study languages and the sounds that makeup
words. Some languages have strong, clear sounds (tonic), while others have weaker,
less clear sounds (atonic). People also look at how words are pronounced in different
languages all over the world. For a while, the Prague linguistic school was really
important for Phonological typology. N.S.Trubetskoy helped with Phonological
typology, which studies how different languages organize sounds. He is known as
the person who started studying the types of phonological systems. Phonological
typology involves comparing languages according to the number or type of sounds
they contain. Although there are inevitable problems in dividing the sounds of any
language into separate abstract units (phonemes), linguists usually compare
languages according to the number of different groups that participate in meaningful
sound contrasts (i.e. phonemes) rather than the total number of actual speech sounds
[3]. Every language has a fairly small inventory of these sets or phonemes.
Moreover, the number varies from language to language. In comparison,
Hawaiian has only 18; Kabardian has over 80, and the Roisan language is reported
to have 141 phonemes or mutually contrastive sets of sounds, Abhasian has 60. In
simple words: Another way to group languages is by looking at how they sound. This
is called phonological typology. This refers to the different sounds in each language.
Some noises can only be heard by certain animals or machines. When something is
not often seen or heard in languages.
Other types of unique sounds in languages are the Czech and Slovak voiced
sounds [h] and the Arabic pharyngeal sound. Languages like Arabic, English, and
New Greek have different sounds. In some languages, like Bashkirian, they have
special sounds like [ө] and [ә]. In Danish, they only have a unique sound called [ð].
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Other languages like Uzbek and Arabic have letters with special sounds like [қ], [ғ],
and [ҳ]. Some languages don't have certain sounds, like the "p" and "b" sounds in
Cherokee and Tlingit, the "n" sound in some Salish languages, and the "s" sound in
Hawaiian. All languages have both sharp and smooth sounds. We do not know. The
language has no vowels or consonants, but Rotoras has only six letters. Some
languages, like Kabardian, only have one vowel sound and mostly use consonants.
[4]. Languages are also classified into consonantal if the consonants are more than
vowels and non-consonantal if the number of vowels is more, equal or even nearly
equal.
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