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WORD FORMATION IN ENGLISH LINGUISTICS
Qosimova M.
Nukus, Uzbekistan
3
rd
year Student, English Language and Literature Department
Berdakh Karakalpak State University
Atashova F.D.
Nukus, Uzbekistan
Scientific advisor, Senior teacher, Berdakh Karakalpak State University
Abstract:
In this article, the word structure in English linguistics, Grammatical
formation and types of word formation are discussed.
Keywords:
word formation, types of word-formation process, affixation, borrowing,
compounding, blending, clipping, conversion, back formation, acronyms.
The English language is known for its wonderful quality of way in which words
and sentences are formed and used. Making of new words from an existing root word by
adding a syllable or another word is the general process; however, there are several ways
in which it can be done.word formation, according to Hans Marchand, is the branch of
linguistics that studies patterns that form new lexical units, words. Word formation can
only be related to formally and semantically analyzed compositions.
As for Crystal, word formation is, in a more practical way, considered as «the
process of creating words out of sequences of morphemes.» In the process of word-
formation, there are generally known at least eight broad ways how English words are
formed affixation, conversion, compounding, reduplication, neologisms, clipping,
blending, and acronym.
1. Affixation.
Adding prefix or suffix or both into the Root Word is called Affixation.
For instance,
Un (prefix)- Unemployed;
Sub (prefix)- Subheading;
Cy (Suffix)- Vacancy;
Less (Suffix)- careless.
Prefixes and suffixes
Looking more closely at the previous group of words, we can see that some affixes
have to be added to the beginning of the word (e.g. un-, mis-). These are
called
prefixes
. Other affixes have to be added to the end of the word (e.g. -less, -ish) and
are called
suffixes
. All English words formed by this original process have either prefixes
or suffixes, or both. Thus, ‘overwork’ has a prefix, ‘unacceptable’ has both a prefix and a
suffix, and ‘carelessly’ has two suffixes.
Prefixes
Prefix
meaning
example
Anti-
against
Antisocial
Bi-
two
Bilingual
Co-
With, together
Co-driver
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Counter-
Opposing or reacting to sth
Counterproductive
Ex-
previous
Ex-husband
Inter-
Between
International
Mis-
Done wrongly or badly
Misunderstand
Mono-
One
Monorail
Non-
Not
Non-smoker
Out-
Do/be more than
Outnumber
Post-
After
Postwar
Tri-
Three
Triangle
Uni-
One
Unicycle
Re-
Again
Redecorate
Suffixes
-er/-or/-ar
Verb+ -er/-or/-ar
Painter/inventor/liar
-ist
Noun/verb/adjective+ -ist
Novelist/typist/realist
-ant/-ent
Verb+ -ant/-ent
Participant/student
-ian
Noun+ -ian
Librarian
2. Conversion.
Conversion happens when a word changes from one word to another. For
example, the verb ‘
to name
’ is formed from the noun ‘
name
’; or the verb ‘
to slow
’ is
formed from the adjective ‘
slow
’. For instance:
He named his dog. (
named
is a verb formed from the noun
name
).
Maria slowed the car. (
slowed
is a verb formed from the adjective
slow
).
Conversion is the derivational process in which an item changes its word-group
without the adding of an affix. It is an efficient way of creating of new English words
because there are no morphological restrictions on the forms that can be converted .
Conversion seems to be able to produce words of almost any form class (i.e.noun, verb,
adjective, adverb). The main types of conversion are:
noun+ verb (a telephone for to telephone ),
verb + noun (to attack + attack ) and
adjective + verb (slow+ to slow ).
3. Compounding.
A compound is a unit consisting of two or more bases. But this
definition is not quite sufficient, because derivational processes can sometimes be appied
to forms combining more than one base (e.g. super-high-way) : In such cases, it is said
that the base of the derivational process is a compound but not that the whole lexeme is a
compound. A compound, Bauer (1973) suggests, may therefore be more fully defined as
a lexeme containing two or more potential stems that has not undergone a subsequent
process of derivation. In English four major types of compounds are generally
distinguished.
A) compound Nouns
: ice cream, lunchtime, firefighter, seafood, heartache.
B) compound Verb:
sky-dive,
freeze-dry, soft-land, over-look, bad mouth
,
breath test.
C) compound Adverbs.
The most common way of forming these is by the suffixation of -
ly
to a compound
adjective.
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D) compound Adjectives:
space-born, fail-safe, turn-key, bitter-sweet.
4. Reduplication.
It is a special type of compounding. Reduplication is a morphological
process in which the root or stem of a word or part of it is repeated with an obvious or a
minor change. It is used to show majority, distribution, repetition, routine activity,
increase of size, added intensity, continuance etc.
It is found in many languages, although its level of linguistic productivity varies
from language to language. This is a process of repeating a syllable or the word as a
whole (sometimes with a vowel change) and putting it together to form a new word. For
example:
bye bye
(
exact reduplication
),
easy-peasy
(
rhyming reduplication
) or hokey-
pokey, razzle-dazzle, zigzag, tick-tock, super-duper.
5. Neologisms.
A neologism refers to any new word, identifying a new concept. In the
1980s, English neologisms included
yuppie, pocket phone,
and user
friendly;
in the
1990s,
Internet
neologisms, such as
spam
and
texting
were common; and in the 2000s,
Internet neologisms related to
blogging
, such as
videoblog
and
blogosphere
became
widespread (Cambridge Encyclopedia).
Neologisms are very effective in English. They are very few and some of them are
borrowed in Arabic.
6. Clipping
. It refers to cut off the beginning or the end of a word, or both, leaving a part
to stand for a whole. For examples:
lab
,
dorm
,
prof
,
exam
,
math
and others.
7. Blending
. it is a combination of two words, usually the first part of one word with the
part of another as in
gasohol
, from
gasoline
and
alcohol .
The resulting fusion has both original meanings .
8. Acronyms
.
They are words formed from the initial letters of several words . They are
usually pronounced as the spelling indicates:
IELTS
(International English Language
Testing System ),
NATO
(for North Atlantic Treaty Organization),
AIDS
(acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome).
To sum up, there is most of possibilities speakers of a language have at their
disposal (or in the past, when the words were first coined) to create new words on the
basis of existing ones, including the phonetic addition and subtraction (or orthographic)
material. The study of word-formation can be defined as the study of the ways how to
form new complex words on the basis of other words or morphemes.
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