LINGUOCULTURAL FEATURES OF LEXICAL UNITS IN UZBEK
LANGUAGE
Tajiboyev Botir Rakhimjonovich
Doctor Of Philosophy In Philological Science
Tashkent University of Applied Sciences, Gavhar Str. 1, Tashkent 100149, Uzbekistan
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10439804
Abstract:
This article discusses the fact that any language indirectly reflects the culture, traditions, worldview, and way of
thinking of the people of that language. In addition, the problems that arise in the process of translation of a text
belonging to one language to another language related or not related to this language are also discussed. The
reasons for the occurrence of such problems and ways to eliminate them are shown. In addition, the article analyzes
the associative meanings of lexemes such as atala, mahalla, romol, pilaf related to the national and cultural values
of the Uzbek people.
Keywords:
lacuna, association, national-cultural unity, linguoculturology, associative meaning, associative field, synonymous
relationship, whole-part relationship.
Introduction
The question of the relationship between
language and culture is very complex and
controversial. No matter how scientists interpret this
problem,
for
linguistics,
in
particular
linguoculturology, it is important to determine the
reflection in the language of culture and the human
factor in this. According to T.Enazarov, “the term
language and culture is usually understood as the
explanation of a particular culture with the help of
language, or, conversely, of this or that language
through the study of culture...” (Enazarov, 2021)
In the language system, a special group
includes linguistic units with a "pronounced" national
trait that reflects the cultural values of the people. Such
units testify to ethnic, socio-cultural views,
communicative norms of a certain people. Linguistic
units combining such extra-linguistic information are
called
national-cultural units
.
In linguistics, national-cultural units are
denoted by the terms
linguocultureme, linguo-specific
words
,
culturally determined vocabulary, cultural
concept, non-equivalent vocabulary, lacuna, realia,
exotic vocabulary
. The study uses the term
national-
cultural unit
, which is widely used in Uzbek
linguistics.
As you know, different cultures never
completely coincide with each other. Due to this, it is
quite natural that linguistic units that convey national
and cultural phenomena may not coincide. The
cultural values of the people are represented in the
linguistic unit as “a cultural trace in the image of the
national word”.
National-cultural words are units
that
reflect
the
national
identity
of
the
language. According to V.N.Telia, language paints
through the system of its meanings and their
associations the conceptual model of the world in
national and cultural colors, and the national-cultural
units of the language further concretize these colors
and contribute to the differentiation of national
differences in different languages.
National and cultural characteristics are
reflected in different ways in linguistic units. In some
words, the cultural seme lives side by side with the
lexical meaning. Such a cultural component, observed
in the lexical meaning of the word, is called
the
national-cultural
component
of
the
word.
(Karimovna,
2019)
.
Or
cultural
and
historical
component
(Ashirbaev, 2020). In some units, the
cultural component is realized due to their figurative
meaning. For example, due to the fact that
phraseological units reflect reality with the help of a
figurative meaning, they directly reflect a national and
cultural characteristic. In Uzbek lexemes
do‘ppi,
beshik, atlas (mato), yaktak, belbog’, karnay-surnay,
nog‘ora, the
cultural seme is realized together with
their lexical meaning. Such lexemes directly indicate
the characteristics of the Uzbek people, its national
customs. Likewise, the cultural seme is realized in the
Russian
lexeme
samovar
or
the
Kazakh
word
beshbarmoq
. Such units are formed historically,
play an important role in the cultural life of the people,
they are not found in other languages. In linguistics,
they are called
non-equivalent vocabulary
or
realities
(Hasanov A. M., 2021)
In the language system, there are also such
lexemes that, in a certain speech situation, rise to the
level of a national-cultural unit. According to
M.Umurzakova, “all derived meanings of words are
culturally oriented national meanings. However, the
main meaning of a word can also be considered a
culturally oriented national meaning if there is no
equivalent of this word in another language”
(Umurzakova, 2020) And indeed, if the figurative
meaning is formed with the help of native speakers,
and it reflects the idea of the universe, it is appropriate
to talk about the cultural seme in a figurative
meaning. Therefore, the following types of national-
cultural lexemes can be distinguished: 1. Units with a
national-cultural seme. 2. Units with a national-
cultural characteristic in a certain speech situation.
In linguistics, starting from the end of the
twentieth century, national and cultural units begin to
stand out in a separate group and are studied in an
associative direction. This problem in Russian
linguistics has risen to a completely new level. In
particular, V.A.Ryzhkov studied national and cultural
features of associative meaning in international
stereotypes, N.V.Dmitriyuk investigated the national
and cultural characteristics of verbal associations, and
Y.N.Karaulov, based on the analysis of the results of
associative experiments with the participation of
native speakers of the Russian language, scientifically
proved the reflection in the associative-verbal
structure of the word of national consciousness, the
mentality of native speakers.
Undoubtedly, the associative study of national-
cultural units of the language helps to clarify the ways
of understanding these units by native speakers, to
identify knowledge about them, about their
relationship to cultural values. Thus, MG Yashina
states: “The identification of associations of native
speakers to nationally-marked lexical units is thus an
effective way of revealing the cultural components of
the meaning of a word. Its application to the study of
CML gives significant results, since it is he who
reveals some semantic parts that remain implicit when
using other research methods. The fact is that
associations to a particular word often “emerge” in the
memory of the respondents spontaneously and reveal
unconscious elements of meaning”.
In the study of national-cultural units, the
method of associative experiment plays an important
role. The associative experiment method is a method
that contributes to the comprehension of the elusive
features of the national consciousness and thinking of
native speakers. M.Kh.Manlikova, when creating the
Associative Dictionary of Russian Ethnocultural
Units, also used the method of associative
experiment. To conduct the experiment, she drew
ethnographisms, historicisms, words with religious,
connotative meanings, folklorism, literary symbols,
the names of the heroes of the works Savelich,
Palashka, Proshka. In Uzbek linguistics, to create an
associative dictionary, the method of an associative
experiment with the participation of native speakers is
also taken as a basis. (Ахмедова, 2020).
In general, the associative study of national-
cultural units of a language contributes not only to
identifying the associative connection of such a unit
with other units, but also to compiling a text, obtaining
certain information about the level of knowledge of
native speakers of these units and cultural phenomena,
the degree of interest in the latter.
Due to the fact that national-cultural units
denote interrelated cultural phenomena, one of them
associatively awakens the other in the mind. This
indicates the possibility of combining the latter into an
associative
field
in
the
minds
of
native
speakers. Various linguistic factors play an important
role in uniting national and cultural units into
associative groups. Here are some of them:
1. The presence of a common cultural seme in
national-cultural units. For example, a
skullcap
and
a
sash
are considered cultural codes as unique values
of the Uzbek culture. This feature indicates the
presence
of
tokens
do’ppi
and
belbog’
common
cultural Seme. This seme provides an associative
relationship between two units.
2. Synonymous relationship between national
and cultural units. A pair of national-cultural units of
the Uzbek language
childirama - doira, bo’sag’a –
ostona
in the memory of native speakers determine
and resemble each other,
thus
forming an associative
connection.
3. Antonymic connection between national and
cultural units. The pairs of words given below are
connected with each other by an antonymic
connection, when pronouncing one of them, the
opposite word involuntarily awakens in the
memory:
ayvonli - ayvonsiz (uy), mahsili - mahsisiz,
nimchali - nimchasiz
.
4. Nest connection between national-cultural
words. A pair of national and cultural words
hina –
o’sma, dambira - doira, karnay - surnay
form an
associative connection based on a nest connection.
5. Hyper-hyponymic connection between
national and cultural units. In associative pairs
in
duhoba - chiyduhoba, tandir - yertandir, o’choq –
yero’choq
,
a
hyper-hyponymic
connection
is
observed, etc.
In the associative connection of national-
cultural units, linguistic factors are inferior to non-
linguistic ones. In their associative connection, the
following types of non-linguistic factors are observed:
1. National-cultural units denote cultural
phenomena of one folk culture. For example, the
lexeme
do’ppi
awakens
in
memory
the
lexemes
belbog’, yaktak
, since they relate to the
culture of one people.
2. National-cultural units denote interrelated
cultural phenomena. For example, the lexeme
yor-
yor
has
an
associative
connection
with
the
lexemes
kelin, to’y, yangalar
, which is associated with
the custom of singing a song at a wedding by the
bride's daughter-in-law.
3. National-cultural units designate parts of a
cultural
phenomenon. For
example,
the
lexeme
beshik
has an associative connection with the
lexemes
sumak
tuvak,
beshik
yopqich, qo’lbog’,
which is due to the fact that the
objects they designate are part of the cradle.
Below we will explain the factors of formation
of some associative units.
Among the responses to the stimulus-
word
atlas,
there
are
lexemes
Kelinchak,
Marg’ilon
. These units enter into an associative
relationship with the
atlas
stimulus word based on a
non-linguistic factor.
It is especially worth noting the formation of
the lexeme
Kelinchak
as a national-cultural unit. In
Uzbek linguistics, the affix
-chak is
interpreted as a
diminutive
affix,
however,
in
the
lexeme,
kelinchak
forms
the
meaning
“new”. Therefore,
in
colloquial
speech,
the
phrase
yangi kelinchak
is used. This meaning of the
affix
-chak
forms a national-cultural seme and turns
the lexeme into a national-cultural unit. The
translation of this word into Russian by the
lexeme
bride
indicates the absence of its equivalent in
this language.
The emergence of the
Marg’ilon
association
among native speakers can be explained by the fact
that the Margilan artisans are known in the republic for
the production of the Uzbek atlas.
In some cases, the units of the associative field
are more often formed due to linguistic factors. Let's
determine the factors of formation of core units of the
associative
field
of
the
lexeme
atala
:
ATALA:
dish
68;
national
dish
19;
flour
17;
water
9;
porridge
8;
oil
8;
maternit
y
hospital
7;
delicious
6;
porridge
with
minced
meat
6;
sugar
6;
sweet
6;
baby
porridge
4;
food
4;
milk
4;
women
3;
children
3;
chil
d
3;
thick
3;
liquid
dish
3;
satisfying
3;
baby
3;
barley
2;
cook
porridge
2;
mix
2;
atala-umoch
2;
food
for children
2;
wheat
2;
gouge
2;
meat
2;
patient
2;
f
ried onion
2;
ground
2;
oil
2;
first course
2;
woman
in
labor
2;
umoch
(soup
with
pieces
of
dough)
2;
cereal porridge
2;
lean porridge
2;
linseed
oil
2
.
The following national-cultural units of this
associative field, associated with the
atala
lexeme, can
be
cited
:
milliy taom, iimali atala, suyuqosh, atala
qilish, atalamoq, atala-umoch, bo’shang odam,
qimmali, suyuq ovqat, umoch, yerma atala, yovғon
atala.
The following of them are associatively
associated with the lexeme
atala
due to the linguistic
factor: 1) on the basis of a semantic hyper-hyponymic
connection:
qimmali atala, atala-umoch, umoch,
yerma atala, yovg’on atala, qiymali;
2) based on the
seme in the lexical meaning:
milliy taom, suyuq ovqat,
suyuqosh;
3)
on
the
basis
of
a
figurative
meaning:
bo’shang odam;
4) according to the function
of the word stem during word formation:
atala qilish,
atalamoq.
It can be argued that the association of
milliy
taom is
formed on the basis of the linguistic
factor. The knowledge that
atala
is an Uzbek national
dish led to the emergence of the association. As it turns
out, the national-cultural units of the associative field
of the
atal
lexeme
are
mainly formed due to the
linguistic factor.
The associative field "structurally has a
lexicographic feature, in fact it is a set of associatively
related linguistic units that are in a semantic and
grammatical relation, reflecting a projection in a
person's mind of a certain reality, a verbal expression
of the image of its associated meanings, knowledge
and ideas about it" (Khidralieva, 2020)
The associative field of national-cultural words
consists of a set of different units. Its structure, along
with national-cultural units associated with the word-
stimulus, also includes units of various thematic
groups. Such associative fields can be formed in the
following ways: 1. By selecting associatively related
units from the text and combining them into an
associative field. 2. Conducting an associative
experiment in subjects and the formation of an
associative field based on the results.
When forming an associative field, the first way
is to select the text, then the associatively
interconnected units are selected, which are combined
into a common associative field. Such an associative
field is considered an “associative field of the text”, it
gives information about how the author understands
the word-stimulus, informs about knowledge,
representations of objects and phenomena designated
by him. The dissertation contains a fragment from A.
Kadiri's story “On the Ulak”, the associative units used
in the story are determined.
The associative field is formed based on the
results of an associative experiment on one or more
native speakers and generalization of the results
obtained. Below we will check the constituent
elements
of
the
associative
field
of
the
mahalla
lexeme based on the material of the
experiment with the participation of a large number of
experimenters (Hasanov A. M., 2021).
As a result of the associative experiment with
the
mahalla
lexeme
, a
total of 598 responses were
obtained. The associative field consists of the
following parts: total responses - 598, different
responses - 376, repeated responses - 46, single
responses - 330, no response - 5.
Below we give the most frequently encountered
units
of
the
associative
field
of
the lexeme
mahalla
:
street
26;
the chairman of the
mahalla
26;
house
18;
apartment
18;
aksakal
16;
fam
ily
15;
society
12;
village
10;
guzar
8;
mercy
8;
neigh
bor
8;
Homeland
8;
mahalla
building
7;
chairman
6;
friends
5;
office
4;
secretary
4;
help
4;
ancestors
3;
activists
3;
veterans
3;
joint
work
3;
union
3;
aksakal
mahalla
3;
mahalla
guard
3;
guard
3;
Uzbek
3;
unity
2;
div
of
citizens
2;
self-governing
div
of
citizens
2;
community
service
2;
mahalla
teahouse
2;
makhalla
activists
2;
Mahalla
Guzar
2;
mahalla
council
2;
mahalla
committee
2;
advisor
2;
“Year of a comfortable
mahalla”
2;
improvement
2;
families
2;
old
people
2;
red
tape
2;
people
2;
apartments
2;
meeting
2;
self-
government div
2.
These units of the associative field with a high
frequency, as well as 330 individual responses, reflect
the knowledge of native speakers associated with the
stimulus word
mahalla.
The individual units given
below are located not far from this associative
field:
“Abdurahmon Oqbo’taev” mahallasi, ail
oilalar, ahil yashash, arabcha “yashash joyi”, “Bir
bolaga etti mahalla - ota-on”, domkom, mahalla
idorasi,
mahalla
maala
kotibasi,
mahalla
maslahatchisi, mahalla qozoni, “Mahalla” TV kanali,
“Mahallada duv-duv gap”
and others.
The following responses are located on the
periphery of the associative field
: knowledge,
children, tree, trees, shop, pharmacy, offer, space,
responsibility, car passage, competition, cake smell,
whitewashed
trees,
people
in
the
village,
matchmakers, road, oil, light room, children, dust
, etc.
The associative field contains responses in the
form of words, phrases, sentences. Of the 598
responses, 346 are in the form of lexemes, 218 are in
the form of phrases, and 34 are in the form of
sentences. Some units in the form of a sentence
express folk aphorisms. For example,
“Bir bolaga etti
mahalla - ota-ona”
,
“Bir farzandga etti mahalla ota-
onadir
.
All units of the associative field are logically
and semantically connected with the
word-
stimulus
mahalla.
In the associative field, there are no
units denoting phenomena that are not associated with
mahalla. This circumstance proves that the mahalla
plays an essential role in the life of the speakers of the
Uzbek language. A characteristic feature is that the
subjects are well aware of the purpose of the mahalla,
its structure, activities, and the name of their own
mahalla.
REFERENCES
1.
Ashirbaev S
. FORMS OF INTERACTIONS IN
SIMPLE SENTENCES IN PROSE OF ALISHER
NAVOI ARE ONE OF THE TOOLS OF
COMPLICATING
THE
SENTENCES
[News
Article] // Theoretical & Applied Science. - 2020. -
5. - pp. 605-609.
2.
Bobomurodova S. E.
Alphabet reforms in
uzbekistan in 20-30s and Elbek's services in this
regard [News Article] // ASIAN JOURNAL OF
MULTIDIMENSIONAL RESEARC. - 2021. - 10
(04). - pp. 494-497.
3.
Enazarov T.D.
ON THE TEACHING OF
UZBEK
DIALECTOLOGY
AND
METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH IN THIS FIELD.
CURRENT
RESEARCH
JOURNAL
OF
PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2767-3758), 2(06),
[News Article]. - 2021. - 2 (06). - pp. 29-32.
4.
Hasanov A.
A’ZAM O ‘KTAM IJODI
BADIIYATI
[Conference] //
Аъзам
O’ктам
шеърлари лексикасида интролакуналар (Xalqaro
ilmiy-amaliy onlayn konferensiyasi materiallari). -
Андижан: АДУ, 2020. - pp. 550-556.
5.
Hasanov A.M.
FILLING THE LEXICAL
LACUNAS IN UZBEK LANGUAGE WITH
DIALECTISMS
(ON
THE
EXAMPLE
OF
AGRICULTURAL
VOCABULARY)
[News
Article] // Scientific Bulletin of Namangan State
University. - 2021. - 5. - pp. 408-412.
6.
Karimovna H.M.
LEVELING LEXICAL
ABSTRACTION IN UZBEK LANGUAGE [News
Article] // Journal of the Association-Institute for
English Language and American Studies. - 2019. - pp.
36-44.
7.
Khasanov A.
The linguocultural significance
of euphemisms as a speech lacunae [Conference] //
Лисоний маданиятни шакллантириш: тажриба,
муаммо ва ечимлар” мавзусидаги илмий-амалий
анжуман материаллари. - Шаhрисабз: [s.n.], 2020. -
pp. 100-105.
8.
Khidralieva Z. R.
THE USE OF PRIMARY
LONG VOWELS IN IKAN DIALECT [News
Article] // Theoretical & Applied Science. - 2020. -
5. - pp. 586-589.
9.
Lutfullayeva D., Davlatova R., Tojiboyev
B
. O'zbek tili assotsiativ lug'ati (milliy-madaniy
birliklar). –Toshkent: " NAVOIY UNIVERSITETI"
nashriyot-natbaa uyi. 2019. –334 b.
10.
Majidovich K. A.
Filling Lexical Gaps In
The Uzbek Language With Dialectisms (Based On
The Turkic-Kaltatoy Dialect) [Article] // International
Journals of Sciences and High Technologies. - 2021. -
25. - pp. 01-07.
11.
Majidovich K. A.
Possibilities of Kipchak
Dialects in filling the Lexicon of Uzbek [News
Article] //
International
Journal
on
Integrated
Education. - 2021. - 4. - pp. 287-294.
12.
Suvanov Z. N.
THE ROLE OF LITERARY-
AESTHETIC LOOK OF THE AUTHOR IN THE
ANALYSIS OF THE WORK ON THE EXAMPLE
OF THE NOVEL IT CAN NOT DIE IN THE
WORLD [News Article] // Theoretical & Applied
Science. - 2019. - 3. - pp. 481-484.
13.
Togayev T.M.
Navoi’s poetry and national
folklore [News Article] // ISJ Theoretical & Applied
Science. - 2020. - 06 (86). - pp. 517-520.
14.
Tojiboev
B.
R.
LISONIC
AND
NOLISONIC
FACTORS
OF
NATIONAL-
CULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS [News Article] //
Scientific Bulletin of Namangan State University. -
2021. - 2 (2). - pp. 215-220.
15.
Umurzakova M. E.
THE SEMANTIC-
STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTION OF SEGMENTED
CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE UZBEK LANGUAGE
AND THE PROBLEMS OF THEIR STUDY [News
Article] // Theoretical & Applied Science. - 2020. -
5. - pp. 685-688.
16.
Ахмедова Н. Ш.
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКАЯ
НЕЙТРАЛИЗАЦИЯ В УЗБЕКСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
[News Article] // Аллея науки. - 2020. - 1 (1). - pp.
161-165.
