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SEMANTICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF TOPONYMS IN ENGLISH
AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
G’aniyeva Dinara Panji qizi
Master student of TERSU
N.X. Mamataliyeva
PhD. Termiz University of Economics and Service
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14941447
Abstract.
The study of geographical names is carried out by the special science which is
called “toponymy”. Toponymy is a special branch of linguistics, because any noun is a word,
according to “place names” is part of such a language system and obeys its basic laws. How to
name places is primarily determined by the needs of a particular stage of society. This article
portrays toponyms in English and Uzbek languages. It also discusses some of the research that
has emerged the data about toponyms that have analysed in morphological point of view in both
languages. By applying to contrastive method, the toponyms are also discussed. This article
describes the importance of toponyms in linguistics, their semantic features, as well as a
comparative analysis of Uzbek and English toponyms.
Key words:
Proper nouns, toponyms, contrastive, morphological analyses, semantic
features.
СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЙ И МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ТОПОНИМОВ В
АНГЛИЙСКОМ И УЗБЕКСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ
Аннотация.
Изучением географических названий занимается специальная наука,
которая называется «топонимика». Топонимия является особой отраслью языкознания,
потому что любое существительное является словом, согласно «местоназваниям»,
является частью такой языковой системы и подчиняется ее основным законам. Как
называть места, в первую очередь определяется потребностями определенной стадии
общества. В этой статье описываются топонимы в английском и узбекском языках. В
ней также обсуждаются некоторые исследования, которые выявили данные о
топонимах, которые были проанализированы с морфологической точки зрения в обоих
языках. Применяя контрастивный метод, также обсуждаются топонимы. В этой
статье описывается значение топонимов в языкознании, их семантические особенности,
а также сравнительный анализ узбекских и английских топонимов.
Ключевые
слова:
Имена
собственные,
топонимы,
контрастивный,
морфологический анализ, семантические особенности.
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In today's global world, English is not only a means of communication, but also
international trade, occupies an important place in the fields of diplomacy, technology and
education. Uzbekistan to independence economic development, expansion of international
relations and education after achieving to learn foreign languages, especially English, as an
important part of advancement in the field great attention was paid. Learning English is also for
Uzbekistan's development strategy is of particular importance, because this language opens up
new opportunities and perspectives around the world is one of the main factors in opening.
In this process, the general and specific features of the language are based on the internal
capabilities of both languages, taking into account the linguistic, cultural and structural aspects
of the language analysis is of great importance in the process of exchanging information from
one language to another and in the process of translation.
That's it place names that exist in the field of onomastics of both languages, particularly
toponyms, the use in meanings, the detailed study of their morphological structural structure is
relevant not only for linguistics but also for other fields. At first we describe the word
“Toponyms” with a linguistic point. Toponyms are place names, including the names of cities,
towns, countries, regions, and geographical features like rivers, mountains, and lakes. These
names often have historical, linguistic, or cultural significance, and they can sometimes reflect
the characteristics of the place or the people who named it. Toponyms play a key role in the field
of onomastics, which is the study of names—particularly personal names (anthroponyms) and
place names (toponyms). While onomastics primarily focuses on understanding the origins,
meanings, and usage of names, toponyms specifically provide valuable insights into cultural,
historical, linguistic, and geographical contexts.
In world linguistics, H.A. Smith, A.L. Dauzat, G.J. Copley, G.V. Lemon’s scientific
researchs are the science of toponymy deserves special recognition in its formation
1
. The
theoretical foundations of toponyms in H.A. Smith's study, meaning groups of French toponyms
in the work of A.L. Dauzat illuminated. In the work of G. J. Copley, places are common and
famous if the issues related to names were analyzed, G.V. Lemon views on the etymology of
toponyms in the English language stated. A famous Russian who defined the concept of a
toponym linguists N.V. Podolskaya and A.V. Superanskaya "toponyms are any geographic
except for planet Earth a generalization for all words expressing nouns is a term", they noted
2
.
By V.A. Nikonov "toponymics geographical names engaged in learning; language
history, dialectology, intersects with the fields of etymology and lexicology; history, was
1
Подолская Н.В., Суперанская А.В.Терминология ономастики // Вопросы языкознания. – 1969. –№ 4. –
С.141.
2
Подолская Н.В., Суперанская А.В.Терминология ономастики // Вопросы языкознания. – 1969. –№ 4. –
С.141.
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inextricably linked with geography and ethnography a separate department of linguistics"is
stated to be
3
.Toponymy of D.E. Rosenthal, M.A. Telenkova "the branch of lexicology that
studies geographical names; something a collection of geographical names of the area",
described as
4
.
A study of Uzbek and Central Asian toponymy is related to the activities of H. Hasanov.
The scientist said, "A place is called a toponym it is called the name: Latin topos - land,
onoma - name, name. Place the sum of names is toponymy
5
. Both a linguist and a geographer
S.Korayev toponymy is one of the top experts in his field, toponymy giving an understanding of
"toponymy is a place the science that studies names, and toponymy is geographical we mean the
sum of names", noted
6
. E. Begmatov and N. Ulukov a wide range of toponyms and related terms
in the dictionary the comprehensive essence is revealed
7
.
This article focuses on the role of the morphological structure of the toponyms in both
languages. In modern linguistics there are two classifications of toponyms: a) by the type of
geographical features designated; b) by structure. According to the first classification are the
following types of toponyms: hydronyms, oronyms, place names, urbanity, microtoponymy, the
microtoponyms and anthroposophia. Hydronyms are names of water bodies (rivers, lakes, seas,
bays, Straits, channels, etc.) and have a very high linguistic and historical value, because the
names of water bodies have been preserved for centuries and millennia and are little changed.
The next type -oronyms (from the Greek oros — mountain) denote the names of
mountains (the Grampians, Pennines). The names of small localities are allocated to another
group, which is called oikonyms (from the Greek. oikos-dwelling, dwelling). These include the
villages (Cuxton, Buttsole, Five Oak Green) and the towns of Crayf ord, Earlswood, Great
Torrington). Urbanonyms (from the Latin urbanus — urban) that denote the names of inner-city
objects are divided into several types: godonyms (from Greek. hodos — path, road, street,
riverbed) — street names (Baker Street, Lime Street, Whitehall), agoronyms (from the Greek
agora — square) — names of squares (Traf algar Square, Piccadilly Circus) and dromonyms
(from the Greek dromos — running, movement, path) — names of communication routes (Fosse
WayIcknield Way, Broxden Roundabout). Macrotoponyms (from the Greek makros-big) these
are proper names that indicate the names of large geographical objects
8
. First of all, these are the
names of countries or historical regions, provinces (France, Germany, Russia). Microtoponymy
3
Никонов В.А. Введение в топонимику. – М.: Наука, 1965. – С.164.
4
Розентал Д.Э., Теленкова М.А. Справочник лингвистических терминов. – М., 1972. – С.447.
5
Ҳасанов Ҳ. Ўрта Осиё жой номлари тарихидан. – Т.: Фан, 1965. – Б.3
6
Қораев С. Географик номлар маъноси. – Т.: Ўзбекистон, 1978. – Б.6.
7
Бегматов Э., Улуқов Н. Ўзбек ономастикаси терминларининг изоҳли луғати. – Наманган, 2006. –
Б.76-83.
8
Alderman, D. 2000. A street fit for a King: naming places and commemoration in The American South.
Professional Geographer.
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is usually correlated with ethnonyms (Bulgarians — Bulgaria, Saxons). The names of small
unpopulated objects or microtoponyms (from the Greek mikros — small) include physical and
geographical or inner-city (meadows, fields, groves, streets, land, tracts, haymaking, pasture,
swamp, woodlands, burning, pasture, well, key, pool, threshold, etc.) objects. According to the
structural (morphological) classification, toponyms are divided into 4 types: a) simple, b)
derived, c) complex
Toponyms are expressed in different parts of speech. According to the grammatical
structure, Uzbek geographical names are divided into simple and complex. Simple proper names
are divided into toponyms with suffixes and toponyms without suffixes. Toponyms without
suffixes and affixes consist of only one noun, these are geographical names without any other
elements. There are several types of such toponyms:
a) toponyms in the form of simple geographical or socio-economic terms: Anhor, Jizzax,
Kitob, Zomin, Termiz, Zarafshon
b) toponyms that are expressed by the names of peoples, tribes or relatives: (ethnonyms):
Asaka, Baliqchi, Boyovut, Barlos, Bo‘ka, Do‘rmon, Malik, Mang‘it, Mo‘g‘ul, Nazarbеk,
Naymon, No‘kis, Olot, Sirg‘ali, Turkman,
c) toponyms consisting of names and nicknames of people: Abdullah, Avaz, Karim,
Mustafa, Navoi, Beruniy, Ulug’bek, Lermontov
d) geographical names derived from the names of plants and animals: Archazor,
Bodomzor, Jiydabuloq, Tеrakzor, Chilonzor, O‘rikzor, Qamishzor, Kaptarxona, Bo‘rixona,
Jayraxona, Minqush
Suffixal toponyms that have affixes in their composition. Common suffixes are:
Suffix
Example
Meaning
-zor
Bodomzor
a plot of land where
almonds grow
-iston
Turkiston
a place where
representatives of the Turkic
tribe live
-iya
Shohruhiya
Shohruh - the father of the
great scientist Ulugbek
-lik
Soylik
the place where the river
flows
-ot
Bog’ot
Gardens
-kor
Paxtakor
a place where cottons grow
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Complex toponyms consist of two or more components that are expressed by different
parts of speech. According to the grammatical structure, they are divided into the following
types:
Toponyms
The components
Toshquduq
Noun+noun
Oqdaryo
Adjective +noun
Oxunboboyuqori
Noun+adjective
Beshariq
Numeral+noun
Qaynarbuloq
Verb+noun
Toponyms that have used with common suffixes in this article.
There’s a rule how to
pronounce them – learn which weak form each suffix uses and then add it to the end of the root
word. We mostly applied the derivated toponyms which were taken from Old English.
Suffixes
Examples
Meaning
-by
Grimsby
Derby
Rugby
From Old Norse, meaning
‘settlement’ or ‘village’.
Since this is at the end and
weak, we don’t say /baɪ/, we
say /bi/ weakly instead
-cester
Worcester
Gloucester
Leicester
From Latin, via Old English,
meaning ‘camp’. You can
usually (but not always) skip
the ‘ce’ and just pronounce
it /stə/
-ford
Bradford
Watford
Stafford
A ‘ford’ is an Old English
word for a shallow place in a
river where you can cross
easily. ‘Ford’ by itself is
pronounced with a long
vowel /fɔːd/, but when it is
used as a suffix, we use the
weak pronunciation /fəd/:
-ham
Totenham
This Old English word
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Buckingham
Durham
means ‘farm’ or
‘homestead’. Confusingly,
the ‘h’ is usually silent and
so the suffix is pronounced
weakly as /əm/
-ton
Brighton
Everton
Darlinton
This is a common suffix
from Old English, meaning
‘enclosure’ or ‘estate’. We
use the weak pronunciation
/tən/ when it is incorporated
into placenames
The morphological features of toponyms in Uzbek exhibit a combination of native Uzbek
linguistic elements and influences from other languages, such as Persian, Arabic, and Russian.
Many Uzbek toponyms are descriptive of the physical or cultural characteristics of a
place. These names often use adjectives or nouns that describe the area’s natural features,
ethnicity, or the characteristics of its inhabitants. Toponyms in Uzbek, like in many other
languages, have distinct morphological features that contribute to their formation and structure.
These features are influenced by various linguistic processes, including derivation,
compounding, and the use of grammatical markers. Uzbek toponyms are formed using a
combination of affixation, compounding, and the use of meaningful geographical features. These
names reflect the historical, geographical, and cultural landscapes of the region, and they often
carry a rich connection to the environment and the people associated with those places. The
semantic features of toponyms in Uzbek refer to the meanings, connotations, and symbolic
aspects embedded in place names. These features can offer insights into the geography, culture,
history, or significance of a particular place.
Many English toponyms are formed through the addition of common suffixes that modify
the meaning and function of the root word. These suffixes often describe the nature of the place,
its function, or its characteristics. English toponyms, both morphologically and semantically,
offer a window into the history, culture, geography, and social structure of a place.
Morphologically, these names are often formed through the use of suffixes,
compounding, and prepositions. Semantically, they often reflect geographical features, historical
events, cultural significance, or economic roles of the place. Toponyms are more than just
names—they carry layers of meaning that reflect the identity and heritage of the locations they
represent.
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REFERENCES
1.
Alderman, D. 2000. A street fit for a King: naming places and commemoration in The
American South. Professional Geographer
2.
Бегматов Э., Улуқов Н. Ўзбек ономастикаси терминларининг изоҳли луғати. –
Наманган, 2006. –
3.
Б.76-83.
4.
Никонов В.А. Введение в топонимику. – М.: Наука, 1965. – С.164
5.
Розентал Д.Э., Теленкова М.А. Справочник лингвистических терминов. – М., 1972. –
С.447
6.
Подолская Н.В., Суперанская А.В.Терминология ономастики //Вопросы
языкознания. – 1969. –№ 4. – С.141.
7.
Подолская Н.В., Суперанская А.В.Терминология ономастики //Вопросы
языкознания. – 1969. –№ 4. – С.141.
8.
Ҳасанов Ҳ. Ўрта Осиё жой номлари тарихидан. – Т.: Фан, 1965. – Б.3
9.
Қораев С. Географик номлар маъноси. – Т.: Ўзбекистон, 1978. – Б.6.
