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INFORMATION ABOUT THE ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF ART THERAPY
Turemuratova Aziza Begibaevna
Assistant, Department of Pedagogy and Psychology, Karakalpak State University named after
Berdakh, Republic of Karakalpakstan.
Tajibaeva Shaxnozabanu Qırģızbay qızı
Student of Karakalpak State University.
Qonisbaeva Gulzada Botabek qızı
Student of Karakalpak State University.
Menglibaeva Gulayim Baxadir qızı
Student of Karakalpak State University.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15256725
Abstract.
In this study, we have provided information about the origins, stages of
development, and history of art therapy. We have also provided information about the advantages
of using psychotherapeutic methods through psychological approaches.
Keywords:
Psychological research, art therapy, psychotherapist, Psychological
approaches, psychic activity.
ART TERAPIYANI KELIB CHIQISHI VA TARIXI HAQIDA MA’LUMOTLAR
Annotatsiya.
Ushbu tadqiqotda art terapiyani kelib chiqishi, rivojlanish bosqichlari va
tarixi haqidagi ma’lumotlarni keltirib o’tganmiz. Shuningdek, psixologik yondashuvlar orqali
psixoterapevtik usullardan foydalanishning afzal taraflari haqida ma’lumotlar berib o’tilgan.
Kalit so’zlar:
Psixologik tadqiqotlar, art terapiya, psixoterapevt, Psixologik yondashuvlar,
psixik faoliyat.
ИНФОРМАЦИЯ О ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИИ И ИСТОРИИ АРТ-ТЕРАПИИ
Аннотация.
В данном исследовании мы представили информацию о
происхождении, этапах развития и истории арт-терапии. Также была предоставлена
информация о преимуществах использования психотерапевтических методов с
использованием психологических подходов.
Ключевые слова:
Психологические исследования, арт-терапия, психотерапевт,
психологические подходы, психическая деятельность.
In the current era, the rapid and harmonious development of education and culture, the
improvement of social relations and political order, the further development of the human being,
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who is the main productive force and the highest wealth of society, requires a new, more extensive
approach to the education and upbringing of the younger generation. The task of psychology is to
teach students to organize the essence of events and phenomena in reality and society, general
psychological phenomena, situations and processes in the life of society, to analyze the
development of the individual and the factors affecting it, his individual psychological
characteristics, emotional and volitional qualities. The fact that more than 300 branches of
psychology are currently developing as a science indicates that it is becoming more and more
consolidated in the system of sciences.
General psychology is a special field that studies the
general laws of mental activity and their specific aspects. Psychology of youth studies the process
of mental development of people of different ages from birth to the end of their lives, the laws of
the formation and interaction of the personality, the principles of change specific to the age of the
individual. Psychology, as a holistic and independent science, serves the formation of mentality in
people, and its relevance to the human factor requires its direct connection with all sciences that
study problems in this direction in a certain sense. These are, first of all, the fields of social and
humanitarian sciences, and psychology has a unique position among them. One of the new areas
of psychology is art therapy. Art therapy is often mentioned in modern psychology. The types and
methods of this technique are diverse, which provides a huge scope for experiments. It literally
means art therapy. Indeed, during the sessions, patients have the opportunity to express their
feelings and emotions, explore their individuality using various forms of art, including painting,
dance, composition, sculpture, etc. Before considering the most popular types of art therapy in
psychology, it is worth paying attention to the history of the creation and development of this
correctional method. Initially, the scheme of art therapy was presented in the theories of such
famous figures as Z. Freud, C. Jung, A. Maslow. However, in practice, hypothetical models began
to be used only in the 30s of the 20th century. A similar correctional method began to be used in
the treatment of children who emigrated from the USA to Germany after the end of the war. At
that time, art therapy was the only way to cope with stress and combat the traumas received during
their stay in Nazi camps. The first experiments gave positive results, so "art therapy" became
increasingly popular. Today, almost all types of art therapy are widely used in psychotherapy. This
method allows a person to cope with and solve many of his problems, to discover new facets of
his personality. The term "art therapy" ("art" - art, "art therapy" - art therapy) means the treatment
of plastic visual arts to express their psycho-emotional state. This term was first used by A. Hill in
1938, describing work with patients suffering from tuberculosis in sanatoriums. Art therapy
appeared in the 30s of the 20th century.
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Art therapy methods were first used in the United States in working with children brought
from Nazi concentration camps. At the beginning of its development, art therapy reflected the
psychoanalytic views of Z. Freud. According to Jung, the final product of the client's artistic
activity (be it painting, sculpture, installation) expresses his unconscious mental processes. In
1960, the Art Therapy Association was founded in America. Numerous and often contradictory
definitions of art therapy - or art psychotherapy - have been put forward since the term was coined,
and the profession first emerged in the late 1940s. In Great Britain, artist Adrian Hill is credited
with being the first person to use the term "art therapy" to describe the therapeutic use of painting.
For Hill, who discovered the therapeutic benefits of drawing and painting while recovering
from tuberculosis, the value of art therapy was in “the full engagement of the mind (as well as the
fingers) and the frequent release of its creative energy” (Hill, 1948: 101–02). This, Hill said,
allowed the patient to “build up a strong defense against his misfortunes.” Around the same time,
Margaret Naumberg also began to use the term art therapy to describe her work in the United
States. Naumberg's art therapy model is based on his own methods. The liberation of the
unconscious through spontaneous artistic expression; its roots are in the transference relationship
between patient and therapist and the encouragement of free communication. It is closely related
to psychoanalytic theory. Treatment depends on the development of the transference relationship
and the constant effort to obtain the patient's own interpretation of the symbolic designs. The
images created are a form of communication between patient and therapist, which constitute
symbolic discourse. Although the approaches to art therapy adopted by Hill and Naumberg were
very different and have been replaced by subsequent developments. Within the art therapy
profession, their work has nevertheless had a significant and lasting influence. This is because art
therapy in the UK has developed along "two parallel lines" (Waller, 1993: 8). The therapy
promoted by Hill and the use of art in therapy, championed by Naumberg as a The first of these
approaches emphasizes the healing potential inherent in the process of making art, while the
second emphasizes the importance of the therapeutic relationship established between the art
therapist, the client, and the artwork. As the art therapy profession has emerged, definitions have
become more nuanced. In contemporary terms, art therapy should be defined as a form of therapy
in which the creation of images and objects plays a central role in the psychotherapeutic
relationship established between the art therapist and the client. Clients referred to an art therapist
do not need to have prior experience or skill in the arts, and the art therapist is not primarily
concerned with aesthetic or diagnostic assessment of the client's image.
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The overall goal of practitioners is to enable the client to achieve personal change and
growth through the use of art materials in a safe and supportive environment. Art therapy is the
therapeutic use of art making within a professional relationship by people who have experienced
illness, trauma, or life challenges, and by people seeking personal development. By creating art
and reflecting on the products and processes of art, people can increase their awareness of
themselves and others in coping with symptoms, stress, and traumatic experiences; develop
cognitive skills; and enjoy the life-affirming pleasures of art making. Art therapy uses the creative
process of creating art and reflecting on clients to enhance and improve the mental, physical, and
emotional well-being of individuals. While these collective, formally approved definitions help to
clarify what art therapy is, the following examples show that individual art therapists often have
their own. It is difficult to briefly define art therapy. For some, it is about the art itself as the
primary agent of the therapeutic experience. For others, the relationship with the therapist is the
crucial element. I like to think that both have their place and that neither is better or more important
than the other. I think it depends on the client and how they work. It is important to note here that
in art therapy, this relationship focuses on the visual arts (primarily painting, drawing, and
sculpture) and does not typically involve the use of other art forms such as music, drama, or dance.
The goals of art therapy vary depending on the specific needs of the individuals with whom
the art therapist works, and these needs may change as the therapeutic relationship develops. For
one person, the art therapy process may encourage the art therapist to share and explore emotional
distress through the creation and discussion of images, while for another client it may focus on
providing them with an opportunity to engage in their own activities. colored pencils and markers,
thereby developing new ways of giving form to previously unexpressed feelings. Although it is
often assumed that this is the case, individuals who only have a technical background in the visual
arts are not likely to benefit from art therapy. The ability - for example, when art is used primarily
for recreational or educational purposes - may only serve to mask what art therapy is most
concerned with. That is, through the symbolic expression of emotion and human experience
through the medium of art. Art therapy can help people with a variety of needs and difficulties for
a variety of reasons. Creating images in the context of a supportive relationship, thinking and
feeling in images, including the use of imagination and taking risks, contributes to a person's
emotional growth, self-esteem, psychological and social integration. In working with children, art
therapy mainly uses such areas as sand therapy, fairy tale therapy, isotherapy (painting therapy,
fine arts). Elements of these methods are often used in their work by kindergarten teachers and
psychologists, teachers of developmental centers, speech therapists and correctional teachers.
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Art therapy also works great with children with developmental disabilities. Art therapy is
called "soft" because in this case the degree of influence of the psychotherapist on the client's
personality is minimized, and the treatment process itself is more like a hobby. At the same time,
the value and benefits of such therapy should not be underestimated. Creativity is when a person
projects their inner experiences into their creations. Such projection is not done: emotions,
thoughts, experiences, and memories bypass the conscious mind and go outside, and therefore are
unable to correct or criticize the mind.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it can be said that art therapy is a method of symbolically expressing the
content of a person's inner world through painting, modeling, dance and other forms of art and
creativity, and as a result achieving inner harmony and psychological well-being. Therefore, art
therapy methods are classified as projective methods of psychodiagnostics.
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