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CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA AND MODERN METHODS OF ITS
TREATMENT: PRINCIPLES OF TYMPANOPLASTY SURGERY
Hamidov Bahodir Obidjon o’g’li
Asian International University, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15517024
Abstract. Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a persistent inflammation of the
middle ear and mastoid cavity, characterized by ear discharge through a perforated tympanic
membrane. It remains a common cause of hearing loss, especially in low-income regions. Recent
advances in antimicrobial therapy, surgical techniques, and imaging have significantly improved
outcomes. Tympanoplasty, the main surgical intervention, aims to restore hearing and create a
dry ear. This review outlines the pathophysiology, modern treatment strategies, and key
principles of tympanoplasty based on current evidence.
Keywords: CSOM, tympanoplasty, middle ear surgery, chronic otitis media, hearing
restoration.
1. Introduction
Chronic suppurative otitis media affects approximately 65 to 330 million people
worldwide. Its complications range from mild hearing loss to life-threatening intracranial
infections.
Although
medical
management
remains
essential,
surgery—especially
tympanoplasty—is often required for definitive treatment.
2. Pathophysiology and Classification
CSOM results from recurrent or untreated acute otitis media, Eustachian tube
dysfunction,
or
trauma.
It
is
classified
into
two
types:
- Tubotympanic (safe type): Involves central perforation of the tympanic membrane.
- Atticoantral (unsafe type): Involves marginal or attic perforations and often cholesteatoma.
3. Modern Medical Management
Table 1: Medical Therapies for CSOM
Treatment
Description
Effectiveness
Aural toilet
Cleaning of ear discharge
Essential for all cases
Topical antibiotics
Ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin
drops
First-line, effective
Systemic antibiotics
Oral or IV in acute
exacerbations
For severe infections
Antifungals (if indicated)
Clotrimazole
or
fluconazole ear drops
For fungal infections
4. Indications for Surgery
Surgical intervention is considered when:
- Ear discharge persists despite optimal medical therapy.
- Hearing loss interferes with daily activities.
- Complications such as cholesteatoma, ossicular damage, or mastoiditis occur.
5. Tympanoplasty: Principles and Techniques
Tympanoplasty involves reconstruction of the tympanic membrane and, if necessary, the
ossicular chain.
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Types (Wullstein Classification):
Type
Procedure Description
I
Tympanic membrane repair only (intact
ossicles)
II
Repair with partial ossicular erosion
III
Ossicles absent, graft on stapes head
IV
Graft over mobile footplate
V
Fenestration procedure (rare today)
Key Principles:
- Use of temporalis fascia, tragal cartilage, or perichondrium as graft material
- Elevation of the tympanomeatal flap
- Middle ear inspection and ossicular chain evaluation
- Microscopic or endoscopic approach depending on surgeon expertise
6. Outcomes and Complications
Table 2: Tympanoplasty Success Rates and Risks
Outcome
Rate (approx.)
Graft take-up rate
85–95%
Hearing improvement (ABG < 20
dB)
60–80%
Re-perforation
5–15%
Post-op infection
<5%
Sensorineural hearing loss
<1%
7. Innovations and Future Trends
- Endoscopic ear surgery: Minimally invasive with better visualization
- Biomaterials and stem cell scaffolds: Under research for tympanic membrane
regeneration
- Intraoperative navigation: Enhances precision in complex cases
- 3D-printed ossicular prostheses: Promising for ossiculoplasty
8. Conclusion
Chronic suppurative otitis media remains a prevalent condition with significant impact on
hearing and quality of life. Advances in topical therapy and surgical methods—especially
tympanoplasty—have greatly improved outcomes. Understanding tympanoplasty principles and
selecting appropriate cases for surgery are key to achieving functional restoration.
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