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THE STUDY OF SOMATIC LEXICOLOGY IN UZBEK
Narzullayeva Firuza Olimovna
Associate professor of the Department of English literature and
translation of Bukhara State University
Tuymuradova Rukhsorabonu Rasulovna
The 1st year master’s student of the Department
of Comparative Linguistics and Linguistic
Translation Studies at Bukhara state university
ruxsorabonutoymurodova@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14613731
Abstract
: This study explores the role of somatisms in the Uzbek language, focusing on
the lexical and semantic characteristics of expressions related to human div parts.
Somatisms are lexical units that serve as the names of div parts, functioning within a specific
linguistic system. They are typically studied as nouns but are also explored through verbs that
express the actions related to these div parts. The research examines how somatisms form a
coherent system across languages, contributing to both macro and micro semantic fields. The
study highlights the significance of somatisms in linguistic systems, especially in the context
of phraseological units and proverbs, as they provide a unique window into the cultural and
emotional expressions of a society. By investigating somatisms and their pragmatic, cognitive,
and cultural roles, the research contributes to the broader understanding of how div-related
expressions reflect human experiences and worldview across different linguistic and cultural
contexts.
Keywords
: somatisms, lexical-semantic group, semantic field, lexical unit, somatic
expression.
Introduction:
The somatic lexicon refers to a specific subset of vocabulary that
encompasses terms derived from parts of the human div and, in some cases, parts of animal
bodies. These units form a critical component of language, reflecting both literal and
metaphorical applications. For instance, words like “hand,” “heart,” and “eye” serve as direct
references to human anatomy, while phrases like “lend a hand” or “turn a blind eye”
demonstrate their metaphorical and idiomatic extensions.
In addition to its linguistic significance, the term “somatic” is widely used in disciplines
like biology and medicine, where it describes phenomena specifically related to the human
div. Examples include “somatic cells” (div cells distinct from germ cells) and “somatic
therapy” (therapeutic practices involving the div). In the late 20th and early 21st centuries,
linguistic research began to focus more intensively on the somatic lexicon. This interest arose
from its potential to address challenges in intercultural communication. Since somatic
vocabulary is deeply rooted in cultural norms and beliefs, misunderstandings can occur when
such terms are interpreted without cultural context. For example, idioms and metaphors
involving div parts often carry meanings unique to a particular culture, making their proper
understanding essential for effective cross-cultural dialogue.
Furthermore, exploring the somatic lexicon has proven beneficial in enhancing the study
of a language's lexical structure. By examining how div-related terms are used across
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different languages, linguists can uncover patterns of metaphorical thinking, semantic
development, and cultural influence on language evolution.
The concept of “somatism,” introduced by F.O. Vakk, provided a foundation for this area
of study. The term encompasses the use of div-related words and their figurative meanings
in language. This pioneering contribution has paved the way for more in-depth investigations
into how somatic vocabulary reflects human thought, culture, and communication.
Literature review:
The study of somatic expressions holds significant importance in
understanding the Uzbek language and its cultural context. U. Rashidova highlights the critical
nature of this research, stating: “Understanding the semantic and grammatical nature of
somatic expressions in the Uzbek language, deeply analyzing their scope and characteristics,
and unveiling their new meanings based on materials developed during the subsequent
century and the years of independence are among the essential objectives of Uzbek
phraseology, lexicography, and phraseography. These findings will contribute to creating
more comprehensive phraseological dictionaries and enhancing the understanding of somatic
expressions within the broader framework of Uzbek linguistics”.
In U. Rashidova's monographic study titled “Semantic-Pragmatic Analysis of Somatic
Expressions in Uzbek (Based on Expressions Containing the Components ‘Eye,’ ‘Hand,’ and
‘Heart’),” the pragmatic, linguocultural, cognitive, paradigmatic, and syntagmatic
characteristics of frequently used Uzbek somatic expressions containing the components ko‘z
(eye), qo‘l (hand), and yurak (heart) are thoroughly examined. The study uncovers the
national and cultural essence of somatic expressions with eye, hand, and heart components,
emphasizing their unique roles in conversational and literary-journalistic texts. Somatic
phrases connected to human div parts, such as eye, hand, and heart, are found to possess
broad semantic fields and significant emotional-expressive diversity. These features
distinguish them from other expressions in the same lexical layer.
M. Saidxonov’s observation offers a profound insight into the interplay between cultural
practices and language among Uzbeks. He emphasizes that customs and formal practices
rooted in interaction and communication are intrinsic to Uzbek national identity. These
cultural phenomena are not merely traditional rituals; they are dynamic elements that
actively participate in and shape processes of communication. Their functionality is dual: they
maintain cultural significance while serving practical purposes in everyday interactions.
M. Gadoyeva’s insightful explanation emphasizes the significance of somatisms within
the broader structure of a language. These linguistic units, connected to the human div and
expressed through metaphors, idioms, and phrases, form an integral part of the language's
lexicon. Her observation reveals that somatisms do not merely exist in isolation but play a
central role in constructing meaningful expressions and in reflecting the worldview of a
particular culture. Somatisms are linguistic units that hold distinct positions within the
language system.
Discussion
: In linguistic studies, somatic words—terms associated with human div
parts—are universally known as “somonymic words.” The field of linguistics that examines
these words is referred to as “somonymy.” This branch primarily focuses on analyzing
somatic vocabulary in comparative linguistics, exploring the similarities and differences in
how div-related terms are named and conceptualized across various languages and cultures.
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Somonymy delves into the classification of somatic terms based on the specific locations
and functions of human div parts. These terms serve not only as descriptors of anatomy but
also as a foundation for numerous idiomatic expressions, metaphors, and cultural symbols
that enrich a language. The primary categories of somonymic words include:
Head and Its Parts
: This category comprises words that refer to the head (bosh) and its
components, such as eyes (ko‘zlar), ears (quloqlar), nose (burun), and mouth (og‘iz). Beyond
their literal meanings, these terms often carry metaphorical implications. For example, in
many cultures, the “head” symbolizes intellect, leadership, or responsibility, while the “eyes”
represent perception and awareness.
Neck and Throat Regions
: Words for the neck (bo‘yin) and throat (tomoq) describe
essential parts of the div, but they also feature prominently in idioms and metaphors. The
neck can symbolize vulnerability, connection, or submission, while the throat may represent
voice, communication, or life force.
Osteonymic Words
: These are terms related to bones (suyak) and joints (bo‘g‘in). Such
words are significant in both anatomical descriptions and cultural expressions. For instance,
bones are often associated with strength, structure, or legacy, as seen in phrases like “bone of
contention” or “deep in my bones.”
Upper Arm Region
: This group includes terms for the upper arm (yuqori qo‘l), which is
frequently associated with strength, power, or action. Expressions involving the arm often
convey ideas of effort, support, or capability, such as “strong-arm tactics” or “extend an arm.”
Lower Arm Region
: Words describing the lower arm (pastki qo‘l), including the
forearm and wrist, are closely tied to notions of dexterity, craftsmanship, and assistance. The
hand, a part of this region, is particularly significant in metaphorical language, representing
actions, cooperation, or influence (e.g., “lend a hand” or “in the hands of fate”).
Chest Region
: Terms for the chest (ko‘krak) are often linked to emotions, such as pride,
courage, or vulnerability. For example, the chest is a symbol of bravery in many cultures, as
reflected in expressions like “chest out, chin up.”
Waist Region
: Words referring to the waist (bel) often symbolize balance, strength, or
core stability. In some cultural contexts, the waist represents physical vitality or the center of
the div’s energy.
Area Below the Waist
: This includes terms associated with the hips, pelvis, and related
regions. These words may carry connotations of stability, grounding, or movement, as the
area plays a central role in locomotion and support.
Leg Region
: Names for the legs (oyoq), including the thigh, knee, and foot, are
commonly associated with movement, progress, and support. Idiomatic expressions involving
legs often symbolize independence or resilience, such as “stand on your own two feet” or “find
your feet.”
Conclusion:
All of these elements exist as a cohesive system across the language
structures of every culture and people. This allows for a clear understanding and visualization
of the macro and micro fields of somatisms. These fields help to organize and categorize the
various somatic expressions and their meanings within a language. By considering these
macro and micro domains, it becomes possible to examine the semantic group of lexemes that
represent actions associated with div movements, as conveyed through somatisms. These
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lexemes serve to express physical actions and states that are intrinsic to the human
experience and are often deeply rooted in cultural norms and practices.
It is important to note that somatisms vary across different cultures and languages, as
people express their emotions and experiences in diverse ways. This cultural and linguistic
variation means that individuals from different backgrounds may not always use the same
gestures, facial expressions, or symbolic representations to convey meaning. In addition, the
use of metaphor in language can differ widely, as people often struggle to agree on the
figurative meanings of words. For example, while one culture might use a particular div part
as a metaphor for courage or strength, another culture may assign a completely different
meaning to the same div part, or may use another div part altogether to represent similar
concepts.
Therefore, the study of somatisms across cultures provides valuable insights into how
language reflects not just physical realities but also psychological, emotional, and social
dimensions of human life. By examining how different societies use div-related expressions,
we can gain a deeper understanding of the cultural and cognitive frameworks that shape the
way people interact with the world around them.
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