Жамият
ва
инновациялар
–
Общество
и
инновации
–
Society and innovations
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/socinov/index
Farm activities in the Republic of Uzbekistan during the
years of independence
Sanjarbek MAMAJONOV
1
Andijan State University
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received October 2024
Received in revised form
15 November 2024
Accepted 15 December 2024
Available online
25 January 2025
The article provides a scientific analysis of the establishment
of farm activity in the Republic of Uzbekistan during the years
of independence, the reforms implemented by the government
in the first and second stages of its development, and their
results based on literature and archival sources.
2181-
1415/©
2024 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol5-
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
collective farm,
state farm,
farm,
rent,
land,
budget,
hectare,
entrepreneurship,
national economy,
professional college.
Mustaqillik yillarida O‘zbekiston
Respublikasida fermer
xo‘jaliklari faoliyati
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
kolxoz,
sovxoz,
fermer xo‘jaligi,
ijara,
yer,
byudjet,
gektar,
tadbirkorlik,
xalq xo‘jaligi,
kasb-hunar kolleji.
Maqolada mustaqillik yillarida O‘zbekiston
Respublikasida
fermer xo‘jaligining yo‘lga qo‘yilishi, uning rivojlanishining
birinchi va ikkinchi bosqichlarida hukumat tomonidan amalga
oshirilgan islohotlar va ularning natijalari ilmiy adabiyotlar va
arxiv ma’lumotlari asosida tahlil qilingan.
1
Candidate of Historical Sciences (PhD), Associate Professor, Theory of Civil Society, Andijan State University.
Жамият
ва
инновациялар
–
Общество
и
инновации
–
Society and innovations
Issue
–
5
№
6 (2024) / ISSN 2181-1415
260
Фермерское хозяйство в Республике Узбекистан в годы
независимости
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
колхоз,
совхоз,
ферма,
аренда,
земля,
бюджет,
гектар,
предпринимательство,
народное хозяйство,
профессиональный
колледж.
В статье на основе литературных и архивных
источников
дается
научный
анализ
становления
фермерского хозяйства в Республике Узбекистан в годы
независимости, реформ, проводимых государством на
первом и втором этапах его развития, и их результатов.
Today, our people have come to understand that improving our lives, raising the
standard of living of the population, the efficiency of our economy, feeding our people,
and planning our future
–
in short, no matter what problem or issue we face, most of
them will, first of all, go to agriculture. To do this, first of all, provide employment for the
rural population, attract the unemployed to other areas of production, and protect them
socially. Therefore, the development of rural small and medium-sized businesses,
education, healthcare, banking, credit, water, gas, and electricity, and ensuring a decent
lifestyle for the people are among today's urgent tasks. During independent years in the
Republic of Uzbekistan established farms. The Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of
Uzbekistan and its local bodies have done some work in the field of execution. At the
beginning of 1994, there were 14,825 dehkan (farmer) farms in the agricultural system.
There were two types of farms. The first is that 7,538 are independent farms that have
opened accounts in the local branches of Tadbirkor Bank. They took out a soft loan from
a bank, added their own savings, and bought goods from the market. Second, 7,287 farms
were dehkan (farmer) farms within kolkhozes and sovkhozes, which operated on a
contract basis. These farms borrowed from the kolkhoz and the sovkhoz and bought
cattle. He handed over the products to him at the expense of fulfilling the economic plan
at the state price of meat and milk. For the product, the farm provided the farmer with
mixed fodder, construction, and other materials. Farms provided farmers with
transportation, veterinary services, and seeds.
It should be noted that during these years the number of farms has increased from
year to year. In 1993, the number of such farms in Andijan region reached 1,060, which is
396 more than in 1992. The land area attached to these farms was 7,050 hectares.
Farmers’ land in 1993 increased by 5,512 hectares compared to 1992. During this period,
the area under wheat increased by 313 hectares, and the gross yield increased by
2288 tons. In 1993, farmers of the region sold 947.4 tons of meat, 5335.7 tons of milk,
and 73.1 thousand eggs to the state. The average milk yield per cow was 1152 kg.
The material and technical base of farms has also been strengthened. In 1993,
307 tractors, 6 combines, 40 cars and 194 trailers were attached to the farms of the
region. In pursuance of the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated
November 29, 1991 “On further development and stren
gthening of dehkan (farm) farms,
state support of entrepreneurship” and the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of
December 30, 1991, organizations have intensified their work.
Жамият
ва
инновациялар
–
Общество
и
инновации
–
Society and innovations
Issue
–
5
№
6 (2024) / ISSN 2181-1415
261
According to the order of the regional executive committee of January 10, 1992,
the Regional Land Commission was formed from 20 officials. According to the decree,
land commissions were formed in village councils, state, collective farms, and district
executive committees. To establish a land fund with the participation of commissions, the
issue of land use in all farms was considered, and a land fund was established to provide
land to dehkan (farmers) farms. As of January 1, 1993, 13,985 hectares of land had been
established in all districts of the region by commissions set up to implement the above
decision, instead of 14,000 hectares. These lands were reduced by 2.1 thousand hectares
in 1992 compared to 1991 due to the reduction of cotton area; 2.9 thousand hectares at
the expense of hemp and other lands. In particular, 5964 hectares of land were allocated
to the district farms of the regional agro-industrial association, including 5121 hectares
of irrigated land, 119 hectares of arable land, 616 hectares of pastures, 164 hectares of
non-agricultural land and 79 hectares of orchards and vineyards.
During 1992, the number of applicants for the establishment of dehkan (farmer)
farms was 1,733, of which 981 were considered by local land commissions, 931 dehkan
farms were established on a competitive basis, of which 490 in district farms of the
regional agro-industrial association of which 275 were engaged in animal husbandry and
209 in agriculture and 6 in other industries. Of these farmers, 77 were self-employed and
413 were on-farm leases.
Relevant laws and decisions have been adopted in the country to allocate irrigated
lands to farmers, exempt them from taxes for a certain period provide them with
material and technical means, and create all conditions for their efficient operation.
In addition, farmers had the right to sell only half of their produce to the state at zero
prices and the other half at free market prices. As a result of such opportunities, the
number of farms has increased year by year. In 1992, their number was 10,000,
in 1994 it was 13,000, and in early 1996 it was almost 21,000[1].
In the process of denationalization and privatization of collective and state farms
in the system of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Uzbekistan, along with
dehkan (farmer) farms, other forms of ownership in agriculture, and other non-state
structures were established and tested.
Other non-governmental forms of ownership, which have been tested in the
republic's agriculture, have not been fully justified in practice by closed joint-stock
companies, agro-firms, peasant (farmer) associations and farms operating on a lease and
family basis. Practical life has fully proved that the most promising farms in the village
are these farms.
The decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan provides for the state
support of agricultural producers, and the creation of appropriate conditions for the
implementation of urgent tasks in the field of land policy. These documents were the
main defining the priorities of deepening economic reforms in the village.
Speaking of state support for farmers, it should be noted that the reforms in
agriculture in Uzbekistan began at the initiative of the President of the Republic with the
provision of additional land for farmers to run their own farms and personal subsidiary
plots. These sensible me
asures taken by the state for the sake of the country’s future have
shown their results. Quantitative and qualitative changes have taken place, rural
infrastructure has been developed, and the legal framework for economic reforms has
been strengthened [2].
Жамият
ва
инновациялар
–
Общество
и
инновации
–
Society and innovations
Issue
–
5
№
6 (2024) / ISSN 2181-1415
262
Today, as a result of finding the real owner of the land, the range and volume of
products grown is growing. This was especially evident in the cultivation of grain, which
allowed the republic to ensure grain independence.
The Law on Land, adopted on July 4, 1990, the Law on Dehkan Farms, adopted on
August 14, 1992, the Law on Encouragement of Small Entrepreneurship Development,
adopted on December 21, 1995, adopted at the XI session of the Oliy Majlis “The Laws on
Farms”, “The Law on Dehkan Farms”, and ma
ny decisions of the Cabinet of Ministers have
been the main driving forces behind the establishment and development of Dehkan
Farms. It should be noted that the future development of Uzbekistan largely depends on
the effectiveness of ongoing reforms in agriculture. Almost two-thirds of Uzbekistan's
population lives in rural areas. Their employment, the creation of decent living
conditions, the solution of other social problems that raise living standards, in many
respects depend on the level of land supply of the rural population.
The state undertakes to promote the development of farmers, primarily through
the use of interest rates on loans and investments, taxes, pensions, economic sanctions,
targeted subsidies, social and economic standards, and other economic incentives.
Support of farmers at the expense of the state budget is provided directly.
The state will cover the costs of providing free assistance to farmers in the
formation of social infrastructure, as well as in training and retraining. Such measures
are aimed at expanding the ranks of farmers and their further development, which is an
important factor in raising agricultural production to a higher level, careful treatment of
land, and other material and technical means.
In 1998, the second phase of farm development began. At this stage, farms have
achieved full independence. After the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic
of Uzbekistan dated April 22, 1998 “On the organization of the activities of the
Association of Farmers and Farm
s” a new era in the activities of farms began [8]. This
decision was taken in pursuance of the Decree of the President of the Republic of
Uzbekistan dated April 9, 1998 “On measures to further stimulate the development of
private enterprise and medium busi
ness” and to increase the role of farmers in
increasing agricultural production.
The organizational structure of the executive office of the Republican Association
of Peasants and Farmers in the regions and districts has also been established. It unites
the Association and its regional farms, and organizes their interests in state organizations
based on the principles of full economic accounting following the relevant charters.
The main task of the Association of Peasants and Farmers is the peasant city.
protection of the rights and interests of farms granted to them by the legislation of the
Republic: monitoring of the activities of farmers and farms, their organization and
liquidation; Regularly study the effective use of land in dehkan farms and make proposals
to the relevant khokimiyats on additional allocation of land plots or withdrawal in the
manner prescribed by law: to provide small and medium-sized agricultural producers
with seeds, fertilizers, seedlings, breeding stock and other resources; assist them in
providing production-technological, transport, legal, information, marketing and other
services, assisting farmers in selling their products in domestic and foreign markets;
Advising farmers on obtaining and disbursing loans, including foreign loans, and
providing methodological assistance to farmers.
Жамият
ва
инновациялар
–
Общество
и
инновации
–
Society and innovations
Issue
–
5
№
6 (2024) / ISSN 2181-1415
263
Peasants and farms were previously managed by the Ministry of Agriculture of the
Republic of Uzbekistan, but after the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers to deregister the
ministry, it was headed by the Association of Peasants and Farms [3].
A dehkan farm is a small family farm that grows and sells agricultural products on
a plot of land given to the head of the family for life, which is inherited based on the
personal labor of family members. Family members and cousins could be members of
independent farms with the rights of a legal entity based on the joint activity of members
of the farm engaged in the production of goods, using the land plots leased to them on a
long-term basis. In addition to them, other able-bodied people were members of the
farm. The farm was different from the peasant farm in the first place. Second, while the
farm used long-term leased land to grow agricultural produce, the dehkan farm did the
work on a plot of land. Third, the head of the farm was the leader of one of the family
members. The farm could be headed by one of the members of the farm, a person who
was not a member of the family [4].
In the first stage of the development of farms, they became dependent on collective
farms, state farms, and companies. In the second stage, they were free from cabbage.
According to the rules of the first stage, a person who wants to become a farmer has
applied to the manager of that farm to get a plot of land from the land of the collective
farm or company. The application is first composed of the head of the collective farm or
the management of the company the chief agronomist, the land developer, the chief
technician, irrigator and economist. The commission meeting was also attended by the
applicant and the terms of the land lease were agreed with him. The results of the
application are based on the act of the land commission. The act is considered at the
general meeting of the board of the collective farm or company or the board of experts.
The minutes of the general meeting were considered and approved by the district
administration. The right to lease land is concluded between the farm and the tenant,
registered with the district administration, and confirmed by a contract.
In the first stage, there were not enough legal and regulatory documents on the
establishment of farms. The establishment of a farm had become a general meeting of the
company farm (in practice, a subjective process that depended on the will of the head of
the farm).
In the second stage of farm development, the adoption of the Land Code and the
Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Farms”, the development of several legal and
regulatory documents on the establishment of farms, the establishment of associations of
farmers, protection of their rights and interests as a result, farms gained true
independence and became free from dependence on company farms.
In 1998-2004, the second phase of the development of farms and dehkan farms,
the number of farms grew rapidly. The main reasons for this were measures such as state
support for farms, and the development and implementation of a mechanism for the
transformation of low-profit and loss-making companies into farms [5].
The activity of farms has been growing and developing day by day. As of July 1,
2002, there were 67.7 thousand farms in the country, of which 12.3 thousand were
established in the first half of the year. 1408.6 thousand hectares of land were allocated
to farms, which is 353.9 thousand hectares more than on January 1, 2002. On average,
one farm had 20.8 hectares of land. The number of listeners increased by 73.2 thousand
and amounted to 459.4 thousand people.
Жамият
ва
инновациялар
–
Общество
и
инновации
–
Society and innovations
Issue
–
5
№
6 (2024) / ISSN 2181-1415
264
In the first half of 2002, the Dehkan and Farm Support Fund provided
125.5 million. soums, of which 58.5 mln. soums were given to newly established dehkan
farms as “initial capital” based on the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of September
10, 2001. In the first half of 2002, a total of 10,076.9 million soums were allocated to
5,194 dehkan farms operating in the country. UZS loans were issued. In addition,
seminars were organized to increase the legal knowledge and skills of farm managers.
According to the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of November 26, 2001,
“Advisory Centers” were e
stablished to provide services to farmers. In accordance with
the 2002 Investment Program and the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of February
15, 2002 “On practical measures to implement the project to support agricultural
enterprises under the auspices of the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development” under the Republican Association of Farmers Advisory Service for the
service also has centers in Ellikkala, Marhamat, Nishan, Sherabad and Ahangaron
districts. In June 2002, the project entered into force and the organizational work was
completed. Recommendations and business plan samples for farmers and other
entrepreneurs were prepared and delivered to the project districts.
In order to train and improve the skills of 540 specialists from the Republican
Association of Dehkan Farms and its regional representatives for a year, a grant project
“Knowledge is power” was developed and submitted to the Eurasia Foundation.
The value of the project in the amount of USD 24,316 was successfully approved by the
expert group of the fund. The first phase of the project was completed in August
2001 and trained 27 specialists from regional representatives [6].
The association held an exhibition seminar of Chinese mini-tractors in the
Yazyovan district of Ferghana region with the participation of representatives of relevant
ministries and departments, regional and district, Tashkent Tractor Plant with the
participation of heads of regional representatives and heads of farms led by Deputy
Prime Minister N. Yusupov. A training seminar was held on June 5, 2002, in cooperation
with the Republican Association of Peasants and Farms and the Supreme Economic Court
of the Republic and its organizations in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The seminar
covered the protection of the rights of farmers and contractors, contractual relations, and
other bees.
Proposals have been made to the khokimiyats to allocate additional land plots to
farms that effectively use the lands allocated by the Association and its regional
representatives. In particular, during the first six months of 2002, according to the
recommendations of the Syrdarya region, the district allocated an additional
524 hectares of land to 42 farms that effectively used the land. In the 1st quarter of 2002,
338 farms were monitored for the targeted use of land allocated to farms in Khorezm
region, including 3 khokimiyats on the return of land plots of 5 farms, 5 farms on the
termination of land lease agreements, 5 plots of land were confiscated, and 44 farms
were fined for not operating legally.
REFERENCES:
1.
Current archive of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Uzbekistan,
compilation of minutes of the board meeting 8-16 of 1992.
2.
Karimov I. Agricultural development is a source of prosperity. Speech at the
meeting of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan. February 18, 1991.
Uzbekistan. 1994.
–
p.27-28.
Жамият
ва
инновациялар
–
Общество
и
инновации
–
Society and innovations
Issue
–
5
№
6 (2024) / ISSN 2181-1415
265
3.
Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Farms” dated April 30, 1998 // Bulletin of
the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan. 1998, May-June. -
№5
-6. -p.88.
4.
Latipov A. Tax benefits for farms // AGRO BIZNES INFORM, 2005.-
№ 2 (002).
-p.11.
5.
The current archive of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Uzbekistan,
3-4 minutes of the minutes of the board meeting of the Ministry of Agriculture of 1994.
Page 129.
6.
Current archive of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Uzbekistan,
collection of resolutions of the board meeting of the Ministry of Agriculture No. 1-15 of
1993, page 333.
