42
Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering
(ISSN
–
2689-1018)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
42-49
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
34
)
(2021:
5.
554
)
(2022:
6.
291
)
OCLC
–
1121105746
METADATA
IF
–
7.125
Publisher:
The USA Journals
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is the development and implementation of a remote sensing system for the formation of
primary accounting data based on the digitalization of the agricultural sector, automation of accounting processes,
reducing the influence of the human factor, which allows for operational monitoring of the state of sown areas,
planning agrotechnical measures, control of equipment working in the fields. There are on average 400-600 circuits
per remote sensing operator. The proposed modern approach to the organization of agricultural production is aimed
at reducing losses and costs, improving the quality and competitiveness of agricultural products and products from it
in the national and international markets.
KEYWORDS
Earth remote sensing systems, digitalization of the agricultural sector, operational monitoring, sown areas.
Research Article
ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM FOR DIGITAL REMOTE
MONITORING OF AGRICULTURAL LAND
Submission Date:
February 28, 2022,
Accepted Date:
March 19, 2022,
Published Date:
March 31, 2022 |
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajabe/Volume04Issue03-06
Gulyaev Rinat Amirovich
Paxta Ilmiy-Innovasiya Markazi LLC 100100, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Sultonov Azamat Akramovich
Paxta Ilmiy-Innovasiya Markazi LLC 100100, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Yunusov Ravil Fuatovich
Paxta Ilmiy-Innovasiya Markazi LLC 100100, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Rafikov Damir Rafailovich
Paxta Ilmiy-Innovasiya Markazi LLC 100100, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theamericanjou
rnals.com/index.php/ta
jabe
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
43
Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering
(ISSN
–
2689-1018)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
42-49
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
34
)
(2021:
5.
554
)
(2022:
6.
291
)
OCLC
–
1121105746
METADATA
IF
–
7.125
Publisher:
The USA Journals
INTRODUCTION
In recent decades, the development of computer,
space and information technologies has led to
qualitative changes in the field of remote sensing of
the Earth (ERS) using airborne and space vehicles.
Currently, the use of Earth remote sensing (ERS) data
finds application in a variety of industries: from the
search for minerals to Agriculture [1].
The most important function of remote sensing is
image analysis. This analysis is performed using
computer tools that provide rich functionality and
display results in various forms, allowing the
researcher to more accurately interpret the materials
submitted for the study.
That is why the emergence of a new generation of
imaging systems and the images obtained with their
help with ultra-high spatial resolution make it possible
to study natural and artificial objects both on land and
on the surface of water bodies, as well as to study
atmospheric phenomena.
In particular, the World Meteorological Organization
cites data according to which 82% of all data used for
weather forecasting were obtained using spacecraft
[2].
Now space monitoring belongs to one of the most
successfully and dynamically developing innovative
industries. With its help, a wide range of tasks is solved
not only in the military and intelligence spheres, but
also in environmental protection services, in the
aftermath of emergencies, as well as in various sectors
of the national economy - in agriculture, forestry and
water management, oil and gas, exploration and
development
of
minerals,
in
transport,
communications, telecommunications, etc.
For a long time, agriculture was not an attractive
business for investors due to a long production cycle,
exposure to natural risks and large yield losses during
cultivation, harvesting and storage, the inability to
automate biological processes, and the lack of
progress in increasing productivity and innovation. The
use of IT in agriculture has been limited to the use of
computers and software mainly for financial
management and tracking commercial transactions.
Not so long ago, farmers began to use digital
technologies to monitor crops, livestock and various
elements of the agricultural process [3].
To improve the quality of management using remote
sensing data, the most promising and currently active
direction is the development and implementation of
digital monitoring based on geographic information
systems (GIS).
The digitalization of agribusiness makes it possible to
obtain the most complete information to optimize the
use of resources and reduce the cost of production.
Systems for receiving and processing information
include sensors, equipment for communication,
storage and aggregation of information, various
analytical units for optimizing process control [4].
The unanimous opinion of specialists and analysts on
the benefits and effectiveness of digitalization was
reflected in the adoption by the Cabinet of Ministers of
the Republic of Uzbekistan of December 17, 2020 “On
measures to develop a digitalization system in the
agro-industrial complex and agriculture of the Republic
of Uzbekistan” No. 794.
The following are identified as priority areas for
digitalization of the agricultural sector:
44
Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering
(ISSN
–
2689-1018)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
42-49
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
34
)
(2021:
5.
554
)
(2022:
6.
291
)
OCLC
–
1121105746
METADATA
IF
–
7.125
Publisher:
The USA Journals
Introduction
of
departmental
and
interdepartmental information systems for the
efficient use of agricultural land, water resources
and control over the state of crops;
Transfer of services provided by organizations of
the agro-industrial complex (AIC), including state
ones, into electronic form;
Implementation on the basis of public-private
partnership (PPP) of targeted projects for the
introduction
of
modern
information
and
communication technologies (ICT) in agriculture;
Introduction of online technologies for monitoring
the use of water resources in reservoirs and
irrigation systems;
Improvement of the water resources management
system, formation of a database for accounting for
water use and water consumption;
Assistance to enterprises in the implementation of
start-ups to launch a business and commercialize
the results of innovative projects.
In this regard, one of the important areas of
digitalization is becoming more widespread - precision
or coordinate farming and related unique digital
monitoring systems.
The implementation of traditional ground route
agronomic surveys of agricultural land allows you to
obtain reliable and timely data in the conditions of
small farms. However, this approach is unacceptable in
relation to large agricultural holdings, agroclusters, for
which such observations, due to the vastness of their
territories, will be irregular, both in time and in spatial
coverage. In this regard, it is advisable for large
agricultural enterprises to introduce and develop
modern remote methods, which are an important
element of effective information support.
“Bukhoro Agrocluster” LLC, carrying out the
cultivation of raw cotton on an area of 47 thousand
hectares and wheat - on 22.5 thousand hectares of
farmland in the Bukhara region, with the assistance of
Paxta Ilmiy-Innovasiya Markazi LLC within the
framework of the state grant of the Ministry of
Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan
to Istan, started developing and implementing a
system for remote monitoring of agricultural
production in these territories.
The purpose of this study is to develop and implement
a new digital remote monitoring system for generating
primary accounting data based on the digitalization of
the agricultural sector, automation of accounting
processes, which together will reflect agricultural
activities in such aspects as an inventory of agricultural
land with the creation of a map of fields and crop
rotations, agrochemical (AHO) survey and monitoring
of the green mass index (NDVI), agro-ecological survey
(Scouting), analysis of weather conditions (Meteo) ,
precision farming with differential application of seed,
mineral fertilizers, plant protection products ( PPP ),
etc., and also monitoring the movement of equipment,
planning and auditing the fact of agrotechnical
measures with the formation of analytical data .
The scientific significance of the results of the ongoing
research lies in the development of a single web
platform that will allow, on the basis of information
coming from remote sensing modules, stationary and
mobile devices, to form historical databases for each
contour on the readings of weather stations, annual
crop rotations , NDVI indices and plant development,
the condition of the soil and its fertilization with
nutrients, the movement of equipment and material
resources, the planned and actually completed field
work. The specified platform will also be equipped with
a module, for the first time in practice, capable of
45
Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering
(ISSN
–
2689-1018)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
42-49
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
34
)
(2021:
5.
554
)
(2022:
6.
291
)
OCLC
–
1121105746
METADATA
IF
–
7.125
Publisher:
The USA Journals
generating statistical data in the context of
administrative-territorial divisions (ATD: region,
district, settlement), agricultural enterprises and farms
[5].
Field map
To depict significant parts of the earth's surface on a
plane, special projections are used, which make it
possible to transfer points of the earth's surface to a
plane according to mathematical laws, then the
position of the points becomes possible to determine
in the simplest system of flat rectangular coordinates x
, y. Such projections are commonly referred to as map
projections [6].
In the CIS countries, including Uzbekistan, a conformal
projection of an ellipsoid on the Gauss-Kruger plane
(named after Gauss, who proposed this projection, and
Kruger, who developed formulas for its application in
geodesy) was adopted.
The earth's ellipsoid is divided by meridians into six-
and three-degree zones. The middle meridian of the
zone is called the axial meridian. The coordinate axes
for each zone are the rectilinear middle meridian - the
abscissa axis and the rectilinear equator - the ordinate
axis. All other meridians are curvilinear and
symmetrical with respect to the middle meridian and
the equator. The zones are numbered from the
Greenwich meridian to the east. The longitude of the
axial meridian of the first zone is 3° (because it is in the
middle of the zone, and this zone is counted from the
Greenwich meridian). The zone number N and the
longitude of the axial meridian L° are related by the
equality:
L°=6° N - 3°
To build topographic maps of Uzbekistan, a multi-band
image of the earth's ellipsoid is used, when zones with
a length of 6 ° are transferred to the plane.
Fig 1. Scheme of a multi-stripe image of the earth ellipse.
Each zone is built on a separate tangent transverse
cylinder so that the axis of contact passes along the
middle meridian of the zone PP', called the axial
meridian. Each zone has its own axial meridian.
46
Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering
(ISSN
–
2689-1018)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
42-49
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
34
)
(2021:
5.
554
)
(2022:
6.
291
)
OCLC
–
1121105746
METADATA
IF
–
7.125
Publisher:
The USA Journals
Fig. 2. Scheme of expanding the surface of an ellipsoid using a cylinder
When the cylinder is deployed in a plane, the axial
meridian is depicted without distortion by the straight
line PP' and it is taken as the xx axis . The equator EE' is
also depicted as a straight line, perpendicular to the
axial meridian. It corresponds to the y -axis . The origin
of coordinates in each zone is the point O - the
intersection of the axial meridian and the equator.
So, the position of any point is determined by
rectangular coordinates x and y.
Fig. 3. The result of the deployment of the cylinder on the plane
To perform work throughout the USSR since 1946
(Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated
April 7, 1946 No. 760), the geodetic coordinate system
SK-42 ( Pulkovo 1942 ) was used, based on the
Krasovsky ellipsoid with the length of the major
(equatorial) semiaxis a = 6378245 m and compression
f = 1:298.3. This reference ellipsoid is named after the
Soviet astronomer-surveyor Feodosy Nikolaevich
Krasovsky. The center of this ellipsoid is shifted with
respect to the center of mass of the Earth by about 100
47
Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering
(ISSN
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VOLUME
04
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42-49
SJIF
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(2020:
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)
(2021:
5.
554
)
(2022:
6.
291
)
OCLC
–
1121105746
METADATA
IF
–
7.125
Publisher:
The USA Journals
meters to maximally correspond to the Earth's surface
on the European territory of the USSR . Prime meridian
- Greenwich prime meridian.
At present (including in the GPS system) the WGS84
ellipsoid (World Geodetic System 1984) is widely used
with the semi-major axis length a = 6378137 m,
compression f = 1:298.257223563 and eccentricity e =
0.081819191. The center of this ellipsoid coincides with
the Earth's center of mass.
The prime meridian is the reference meridian (IERS
Reference
Meridian
(International
Reference
Meridian)), passing 5.31
″
east of the Greenwich
meridian. It is from this meridian that the longitude in
the GPS system (English GPS longitude) is counted [7-
8].
Vectorization, formation and archiving of a database of
spatial objects is practically carried out in the Pulkovo
1942 coordinate system. State security and,
accordingly, are restricted for general access.
The formation of field maps and their placement in the
My Fields application of the developed web platform is
carried out by constructing geometric projections of
agricultural contours in the WGS84 international
coordinate system, which is also used to project
satellite images , build coordinates and polygons of
stationary and mobile objects, transport telematics
used by the web - a platform from other available open
sources of information (global and state geoportals,
satellite monitoring systems, etc.).
In the generated maps, real spatial objects can be
represented by a group of elementary objects, which,
having, in turn, a unique identifier, can be considered
as an individual object.
There are different options for linking spatial and
attributive data about an individual spatial object,
which are called the principles of interaction between
a GIS and a database. However, for all three options,
the scheme for linking spatial and attributive
information is the same - through ID identifiers.
A raster data model
is a digital representation of
features as a collection of raster cells (pixels) with
feature class values assigned to them. Raster
representation implies positioning of objects with
indication of their position in the corresponding
rectangular matrix in a uniform way for all types of
spatial objects (points, lines, polygons and surfaces).
A vector model
is a representation of data of point, line
and area (polygonal, contour) types of objects, has
analogies in cartography, where objects with a point,
line and area character of spatial localization are
distinguished.
Vector
models
are
historically
associated with vector-type map digitizing devices
(vector input devices) with manual tracing, which
generate a stream of pairs of plan coordinates when
the cursor (travel head) moves over the digitizer tablet
while tracking objects of the original placed on it.
It should be noted that vector representations of
spatial objects occupy much less space in computer
memory than raster representations.
Digital model
geofields are a way of digitally describing
spatial objects that are continuous in three-
dimensional space. The digital model of the geofield
implies. That for each point within the geofield
definition area, it is possible to uniquely determine the
value of the geofield at this point.
48
Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering
(ISSN
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VOLUME
04
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Pages:
42-49
SJIF
I
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FACTOR
(2020:
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(2021:
5.
554
)
(2022:
6.
291
)
OCLC
–
1121105746
METADATA
IF
–
7.125
Publisher:
The USA Journals
Fig 4. Map of boundaries of administrative-territorial divisions
Fig. 5. Map of the boundaries of agricultural enterprises and contours
49
Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering
(ISSN
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2689-1018)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
42-49
SJIF
I
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FACTOR
(2020:
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)
(2021:
5.
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)
(2022:
6.
291
)
OCLC
–
1121105746
METADATA
IF
–
7.125
Publisher:
The USA Journals
For each farm and contours, certification was carried
out, indicating the name and details of the farm, the
name and cadastral number of the contours, the area
of the contours according to cadastral documents and
the actual area of production plots, the purpose of the
fields, soil survey data and other paraphernalia.
The proposed modern approach to the organization of
agricultural production is aimed at reducing losses and
costs, improving the quality and competitiveness of
agricultural products and products produced from it in
the national and international markets.
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