66
Volume 04 Issue 01-2022
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
–
2693-0803)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
66-72
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
453
)
(2021:
5.
952
)
OCLC
–
1176274523
METADATA
IF
–
7.659
Publisher:
The USA Journals
ABSTRACT
The article presents foreign experience in combating crime, features of juvenile delinquency and analysis of legislation
of developed foreign countries aimed at preventing it, the experience of the United States of America, France,
Germany, Japan and the Russian Federation aimed at preventing juvenile delinquency, guarantees of the rights of
minors, supervision of minors left unattended, statistical analysis of juvenile delinquency, opinions of foreign and
Uzbek scientists on the topic, opinions were expressed on the prevention of juvenile delinquency.
KEYWORDS
Minor, juvenile delinquency, prevention of juvenile delinquency, guarantees of the rights of minors, «Educational
court», legal education program, «hotline 3919», «street teacher», minors left without parental care.
INTRODUCTION
Activities to ensure public order and security in
individual States and administrative territories are
provided in various ways and methods. Each state has
a unique advanced experience in this area, the study
and implementation of which in the system of ensuring
public order and security of the country is one of the
current requirements of today [13].D.V. Vasiliev
believes that the study of foreign experience in the
fight against crime will make it possible to determine
the most important directions and ways of
Research Article
ANALYSIS OF LEGISLATION ON THE PREVENTION OF JUVENILE
DELINQUENCY IN DEVELOPED FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Submission Date:
January 09, 2022,
Accepted Date:
January 20, 2022,
Published Date:
January 30, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume04Issue01-11
Begzod Umirzakov
Doctor of Philosophy in Legal Sciences, Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of
Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theamericanjou
rnals.com/index.php/ta
jpslc
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
67
Volume 04 Issue 01-2022
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
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VOLUME
04
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01
Pages:
66-72
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2020:
5.
453
)
(2021:
5.
952
)
OCLC
–
1176274523
METADATA
IF
–
7.659
Publisher:
The USA Journals
development of society, to prevent the repetition of
misconceptions and erroneous approaches in the
process of long-term historical development of
mankind [7].
The crime-fighting system of each State differs from
other countries in certain, specific aspects. Studying
the experience of the United States of America in
analyzing the characteristics of juvenile delinquency
and the legislation of developed countries aimed at
preventing it is important, since it is a State with its
own specific system and best practices.
In this state, a kind of regulatory framework has been
formed aimed at preventing juvenile delinquency,
which is reflected in the US Law “On Prevention and
Judicial Proceedings of Minors” [3] (2002) is of great
importance. The fact that laws concerning guarantees
of the rights of minors have been codified in the United
States clearly demonstrates the existence of a clear
position of the state on this issue. In particular, the
Federal Code on Juvenile Delinquency [2] establishes
mechanisms for resolving crimes and offenses
committed by minors in court.
In the USA, 1.5 thousand centers for victims of
domestic violence, individual homes have been
organized, women, elderly people, minors who have
been victims of domestic violence, who have been
beaten, humiliated, and harassed by family members in
their home 5 turn to these centers [19].
Noteworthy is the practice that has developed in the
United States in the field of juvenile delinquency
prevention and the formation of legal awareness and
legal culture of minors, school curricula include
teaching the basics of the justice system. For example,
in Arizona, training is conducted in the form of a
«training court». The roles of a policeman, a lawyer, a
witness, a journalist, and a judge are distributed among
the pupils. The role of the accused in this is played by a
policeman who is not familiar to schoolchildren. The
game is managed by an employee and a school
teacher[18].
Special attention is paid to the prevention of juvenile
delinquency in Virginia Beach. A special program has
been implemented here, within the framework of
which a special 3-week course will be held for 4th grade
students, including 6 topics: law and crime, home
security, shoplifting, robbery and personal security,
after which students will be awarded certificates and
badges. The peculiarity of the course is that classes are
conducted by police officers as a factor influencing the
behavior of students. The authors of the program
believe that their main goal is to teach a child from an
early age to correctly assess social phenomena, avoid
possible potential danger, and form skills of interaction
with the police [11].
The legal education program developed by the US law
enforcement agencies in Florida and implemented in
the public and private sectors also deserves attention.
This program for students of grades 7-8 is aimed at
forming knowledge about the place of the individual in
the value system of society, about the duties of a
citizen and the basics of criminal law, about the
punishment that awaits violators of law and order. It
can be seen that all the programs under study are
specifically aimed at stimulating the legal awareness
and legal culture of minors, thereby preventing crime
[12].
In France, the Law «On the Prevention of Violence
against Children» (2007) is in force. When cases of child
abuse are detected, it is necessary to immediately
contact State and law enforcement agencies. Persons
who knowingly did not report this information to law
enforcement agencies can be sentenced to
imprisonment for up to 3 years or a fine of 45 thousand
68
Volume 04 Issue 01-2022
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VOLUME
04
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01
Pages:
66-72
SJIF
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(2021:
5.
952
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OCLC
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METADATA
IF
–
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Publisher:
The USA Journals
euros [4]. In addition, in France there are a number of
centers to which women or minors can apply, and
there is a practice of calling the «hotline 3919» to
contact them. If the family situation requires it, the
victim of violence is invited to go and live in organized
houses [18].
In Germany, special attention is paid to the peculiarities
of juvenile delinquency and their social protection in its
prevention, and it can be seen that the legal
mechanisms of this system are well-established. In
particular, this was done in accordance with the main
purpose of the Law «On Assistance to Children and
Youth (Kinder - und Jugendhilfegesetz - KJHG, §11)»
[15], which states: «Help the child before he falls into
the well!» 11 it is not difficult to understand that this is
also a slogan. In accordance with the law, a system of
organizations and institutions working with children in
difficult life situations has been established, the results
of which are evaluated on the basis of the volume and
scale of assistance provided to families. This system is
engaged in providing socio-psychological and socio-
pedagogical assistance [10].
While the service responsible for ensuring public order
and security in Germany is called the «Public Order
Police» and each region of the country has its own laws
and departmental acts, the activities of the public
order police are the same in all countries, as well as
supervision of minors left without supervision [20].
The system of social assistance services for minors
includes a separate direction «street teacher» [22],
which differs significantly from the practice of units for
working with minors existing in the police system of
most countries (including Uzbekistan). In particular, it
solves the problem of achieving the effectiveness of
crime prevention based on a programmatic approach.
At the same time, the implemented programs provide
for the solution of current organizational issues using
the forces of citizens on the basis of minimizing the
activities of the police [17]. The implementation of
projects aimed at preventing the commission of
terrorism, religious extremism and other serious
crimes in this State plays an important role in
preventing the ideological influence of religious
movements on minors and their commission of
criminal acts.
In particular, one of such programs is «Exit», whose
activities are funded by private foundations. This group
helps the population (mainly vulnerable youth) to
move, find a job and even change their personal data
as a witness to a crime. Over the past 10 years, more
than 300 people have benefited from the support of
the Exit 16 program [6]. Another important project
being implemented in the country is the «Competitor
for Democracy - networks against right-wing
extremism» program, the main task of which is to
provide professional advice aimed at expanding and
developing children's skills to get out of extreme
(problematic) situations and fight them [24]. One of
the main directions of the program is also to help
prevent children from being involved in the activities of
non-governmental groups and turning them into users
of «forbidden zones» in social networks [25].
It can be seen that preventive measures under these
programs have yielded results. In particular, Germany
ranks sixth among the countries that achieved a
reduction in crime in 2017 by ensuring crime
prevention, after the USA (48.7%), Italy (44.6%), France
(43.6%), Great Britain (41.1%), Spain (32.2%), where the
crime reduction was 32.0% during the year [9].
In Japan, much attention is paid to cooperation with
the public in the prevention of juvenile delinquency,
the societies «Brothers and Sisters», «Parents and
Teachers», self-government committees and points of
contact with the police are equal subjects of
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Publisher:
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cooperation in this direction. The society «Brothers and
Sisters», which took its place in law enforcement,
prevention of juvenile delinquency, was first
established by students in Kyoto in 1947. There are
currently thousands of members of the society, and
hundreds of local communities operate throughout
Japan [16]. The Society of Parents and Teachers, which
helps the police in ensuring the prevention of juvenile
delinquency, today has its place in every school. The
activities of this society at the national level are
coordinated by the National Council of the Society of
Parents and Teachers [14].
The Russian Federation is also one of the States in
which the specifics of juvenile delinquency and a kind
of system for its prevention have been created.
Positive trends in the organization of activities in this
direction have been traced since 2000, when it was
concluded that a reliable, effective and safe system of
protecting individuals, society and the state from
criminal encroachments would not be created in the
life of Russia.
The analysis shows that the main principles of the
crime prevention system in this state are: improvement
of the regulatory framework in this area; systematic
implementation of preventive work among minors;
social adaptation of persons released from prison, as
well as persons who do not have a permanent job or
place of residence; increasing the role of civil society
institutions in ensuring law and order.
The conducted studies allow us to conclude that a
sufficient regulatory framework has been created in
this country to regulate the prevention of juvenile
delinquency. The main document fixing the legal status
of subjects of juvenile delinquency prevention is the
Law of the Russian Federation «On the basics of the
system of prevention of neglect and juvenile
delinquency» (1999). It defines the tasks and functions,
powers, main areas of activity and mechanisms for
ensuring the activities of entities responsible for the
prevention of juvenile delinquency.
The Decree of the President of the Russian Federation
«National Strategy of Actions in the interests of the
Child» for 2012-2017 (2012) defines the main directions
and objectives of state policy aimed at the interests of
the child. The need for this document is explained by
the discrepancy between the activities of juvenile
affairs commissions and the status of the child rights
protection system today, which provides for the
coordination of the activities of organizations and
bodies that ensure the prevention of neglect and
juvenile delinquency.
However, statistical data indicate unsatisfactory
results of activity in the analyzed direction. Thus,
according to the Prosecutor General's Office of Russia,
in 2013 in Moscow the rate of crimes committed by
teenagers increased by 24.1%. At the same time, the
number of thefts, robberies and robberies committed
by minors increased by 40% [21].
It is from this point of view that the main attention is
paid to the problems of ensuring the interaction of
internal affairs bodies, interdepartmental commissions
for minors, medical and preventive institutions, public
education, cultural and educational institutions and
civil society institutions in order to increase the
effectiveness of the prevention of uncontrolled and
delinquency among minors.
In accordance with the requirements of the Law of the
Russian Federation «On the basics of the system of
prevention of neglect and delinquency among minors»
(1999), with children who are registered at school or
are in the «risk group», the following is carried out:
social certification of classes at the beginning of the
school year (creating a database of students, compiling
70
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SJIF
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Publisher:
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lists of any registered children, conducting pedagogical
diagnostic work by the class teacher and teachers-
psychologists aimed at studying their personal and
family problems; an observation diary is kept, which
records the daily attendance of students, the offenses
they commit and the measures taken against them, as
well as the results of preventive measures; teenagers
who are prone to committing offenses are identified,
their
extracurricular
activities
are
monitored
(involvement in various circles and classes); in order to
ensure attendance and effective control of the
educational process, raids are carried out on the places
of residence of students with the participation of the
school administration and classroom teachers;
preventive councils have been established in schools,
where individual and group conversations are held
with students (their parents) who have difficulties in
mastering subjects and have behavioral problems;
preventive conversations and propaganda work are
conducted with the participation of representatives of
the local police on various topics such as «School is the
territory of law», «Prevention of offenses», «What is
law?», «Do you know your rights?» [23].
The experience of developed countries in this area
shows that the effectiveness of crime prevention
directly depends on the special programs and projects
implemented
in
them.
Programs
such
as
«neighborhood watch», «crimes toppers», «Crime
prevention through vironment design (broken
window)», «Safety City» give positive results in practice
[8].
The implementation of such programs and projects in
practice will undoubtedly give a positive result in the
practice of all countries. In this regard, at the initiative
of the President of our country Shavkat Mirziyoyev, the
hardware and software complexes «Safe Capital»,
«Safe City», «Safe Tourism» were put into operation.
We believe that based on the study of the experience
of the above-mentioned states, it is necessary to
develop and adopt a «Concept for the development of
prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency» [1] and
a roadmap for its implementation in the Republic of
Uzbekistan for the long term (2021-2025). We believe
that the adoption of this concept by 2025 will not only
reduce the overall dynamics and level of juvenile
delinquency, but also significantly reduce the structure
of juvenile delinquency, and at the same time ensure a
high level of protection of the rights and legitimate
interests of minors.
In general, the peculiarities of juvenile delinquency and
the peculiarities of the experience of developed
foreign countries in its prevention are: firstly, in the
direct dependence of the effectiveness of crime
prevention on the special programs and projects
implemented in them; secondly, in the codification of
legal mechanisms to guarantee the rights of minors;
thirdly, in the recognition of «juvenile law» as an
independent branch of law; fourth, the increase in the
level of protection of the rights of minors is expressed
in the introduction of the juvenile justice system.
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//[Электрон
манба]:
http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/preventsiya-
ekstremizma-molodezhi-opyt-velikobritanii
(мурожаат ва
қ
ти:11.01.2020 й.).
