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Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
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2693-0803)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
5-13
SJIF
I
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FACTOR
(2020:
5.
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)
(2021:
5.
952
)
(2022:
6.
215
)
OCLC
–
1176274523
METADATA
IF
–
7.659
Publisher:
The USA Journals
ABSTRACT
This article examines the concept of “the objective side of the crime”, the difference between torture and other
crimes, the concepts of “torture”, “violent acts”, “beatings”, “beatings or other acts of torture”, methods of torture,
opinions of national and foreign scientists. Based on the analysis, the author made the appropriate conclusions.
KEYWORDS
The objective side of the crime, torture, Systematic beatings or other actions of the nature of torture, the victim.
INTRODUCTION
It is known that the corpus delicti consists of four
elements, namely: the object, the objective side, the
subject and the subjective side. Objective signs of a
crime, that is, external signs, express to the object and
the objective side of the corpus delicti [3].
O.H.Rasulev and a number of authors note that the
signs expressing the external state of a socially
dangerous act or omission committed in relation to an
object protected by criminal law are embodied in the
objective side of the crime [16].
M. Usmonaliev emphasizes that “the objective side of
the crime consists in the commission of a socially
dangerous, illegal act or omission committed at a
certain time and in space, in a certain way, in certain
Research Article
SIGNS OF THE OBJECTIVE SIDE OF THE TORTURE OF PERSONALITY
Submission Date:
February 18, 2022,
Accepted Date:
March 05, 2022,
Published Date:
March 14, 2022
|
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume04Issue03-02
Zafarjon Omonov
Researcher Of The Academy Of MVD Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theamericanjou
rnals.com/index.php/ta
jpslc
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
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2693-0803)
VOLUME
04
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03
Pages:
5-13
SJIF
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(2020:
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6.
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OCLC
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METADATA
IF
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Publisher:
The USA Journals
cases, under certain conditions, with the use of
weapons that became an objective reality at the time
of the commission of the crime” [23].
From H.R. Ochilov's statement that the objective side
of the crime is indicated as a necessary sign of the
corpus delicti in the disposition of each article of the
Special Part of the Criminal Code [13], it follows that the
disposition of the first part of Article 110 of the Criminal
Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan contains signs of
the objective side of the crime: “systematic torture and
torture by other actions, if they did not entail the
consequences provided for in Articles 104, 105 of this
Code”. The text of the criminal law establishes that
torture is expressed in systematic beatings or other
actions.
The method of its commission acts as a necessary
objective sign of the composition of the crime under
study. In the theory of criminal law, the method of
committing a crime is usually understood as “the
external form of a criminal act expressed in specific
methods and techniques used at the time of the
commission of a criminal offense” [22]. As such
methods in torture, various actions of a systematic or
torturous (violent) nature are consistently understood.
М. H. Rustambayev also notes that, from the objective
side, torture is expressed in systematic beatings or
other actions if they did not entail the consequences
provided for in Articles 104, 105 of the Criminal Code
[17], and, thus, intentional infliction of light bodily
injury, systematic torture, commission of other violent
acts are methods of torture and are an integral part of
the objective side of the analyzed crime.
In our opinion, the concepts of “systematic beatings”
and “other acts of torture" should be considered
separately, since the methods of torture specified in
the Criminal Code are distinguished through the
binding “or”.
According to M.H. Rustambaev, systematic beatings,
as a form of torture, should have a common feature,
consisting in the awareness of the culprit of the acts
committed by him causing severe pain and suffering to
the victim. Considering M.H. Rustambayeva, that
torture causes the victim severe physical and mental
suffering, pain, it is emphasized that torture consists in
committing a crime three times or more times, which
indicates the systematic, repetitive nature of the act:
“it should be noted that systematic involves not so
much the repetition of the same criminal act, as the
presence of a number of actions, in the actions of
which it is possible to trace the manifestation of a
certain general plan or the consolidation of certain
criminal skills of the perpetrator – his repeated criminal
acts must be interconnected with each other.”The
perpetrator of the torture consciously chooses exactly
the way in which he achieves the desired
consequences – causing severe pain to the victim or
causing him suffering. The method and means of
inflicting beatings and injuries do not go beyond
certain limits, their peculiarity - all this indicates that
the intent of the perpetrator is aimed at causing the
victim specific physical pain or suffering. The above
points allow us to conclude that the torture can be
carried out systematically and simultaneously.
Thus, the concept of “torture” consists of systematic
beatings, multiple or simultaneous actions that cause
the victim severe suffering, physical pain. As a result of
the torture, minor bodily injuries may also be inflicted.
If such damages were inflicted on the victim, the act is
qualified under Article 110 of the Criminal Code and
does not require additional qualifications. If, as a result
of the torture, a moderate or serious bodily injury was
caused, the crime must be qualified under article 104 of
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Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
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VOLUME
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the Criminal Code or the corresponding paragraph of
Article 105 of the Criminal Code [20].
Some authors emphasize that in order for the beating
to be recognized as systematic, it must be committed
not only three times, but also at certain intervals [10].
Some authors, however, argue that in order for a
beating to be recognized as torture, it must have been
committed for at least one year [15].
Another group of authors emphasizes breaks, time
intervals between episodes of beatings and recognizes
that the duration of such breaks should not exceed one
month, that is, the next beating should be performed
until the victim fully recovers from the injury and
completely gets rid of the pain [11].
However, it is reasonable to talk about the use of only
quantitative indicators when establishing the fact of
systematic beatings as a sign of torture is
inappropriate. Because this system means not only
quantity, but also “quality”.
In this regard, V. I. Zubkova's opinion is noteworthy
that “continuous beatings recognize not only the fact
of repeated beatings, but also the relationship of
beatings, the interdependence of the sequence of
behavior of the perpetrator in relation to the same
victim” [8]. Similar views are observed in other authors
[27].
In our opinion, since beatings are considered as a way
of committing torture, beatings should be committed
repeatedly (three times or more) with infliction of
physical suffering or slight bodily injury to the victim.
The infliction of bodily injuries to the victim by the
culprit through his or her div organs, any objects or
devices does not affect the qualification of torture. In
order to recognize the beatings as a sign of the crime
of torture, it is required that the beatings be carried out
consistently.
Systematicity in this situation consists of two
indicators: quantity and quality. The qualitative
indicator is manifested in the relationship, the internal
unity of the sequence that characterizes the behavior
of the perpetrator in relation to the same victim
(victims). The quantitative indicator of systematicity is
manifested in the presence of triple beatings.
However, when committing the last three beatings,
the limitation period for bringing to responsibility
between the first beating and the subsequent beating
should not exceed one year [4].
The second method of committing torture is other
(torturous or violent) actions.
Focusing on acts of a violent nature, among a number
of points of view on the definition of violence in the
theory of criminal law, L.V.Serdyukov's interpretation
is noteworthy that “violence is the influence of one
person on another person (group of persons) from the
outside, carried out intentionally and unlawfully
against his will and entailing causing him organic,
physical or mental harm” [21].
In the criminal law doctrine, acts of a violent nature are
divided into physical and mental. However, article 110
of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan uses
the expression “beatings or other actions”. This
concept does not cover, in our opinion, mental
violence (threats, intimidation, insult).
M. Usmonaliev noted that “the nature of the danger,
the degree of danger, the actual presence or absence
of danger, the proximity of the time of its occurrence,
the current situation and the opportunities available to
a person in such a situation and other circumstances
precluding responsibility for harming rights and legally
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protected interests as a result of physical or mental
coercion or subject to prevention when deciding on
criminal liability are being studied” [24].
K.A. Paizullayev rightly believes that “the use of
violence is a socio-legal concept. Therefore, when
defining it, it is impossible not to dwell on its social
characteristics. These signs are always manifested in
unlawful influence on a person or a group of persons,
in committing a crime against the will of the victim, in
intentionally causing harm or harm to health or public
interests” [14], he emphasizes.
Of course, it is impossible to list all acts of a violent
nature as a method of committing torture. However ,
as a way of committing torture in the literal sense, the
following acts of a violent nature can be listed:
1)
Prolonged deprivation of food, drink or heat, or
leaving the victim in conditions harmful to health,
and other similar painful actions [29];
2)
Infliction of repeated or prolonged pain, i.e.
repeated, but not major harm with the help of
pinches, cuts, sharp piercing or impassable objects,
damage with the help of thermal factors and
similar actions.
If the beating constantly has a mechanical effect on the
victim's div, then painful actions of a different violent
nature can have both mechanical and physical effects
on the victim's div (exposure to high or low
temperature, electric current), chemical effects (the
use of poisonous, potent drugs, etc.), biological effects
(infection with dangerous microbes, toxins).
In our opinion, the peculiarity of torture of a different
violent nature is manifested in the systematic and
duration of its side effects on the victim's div.
G.I.Chechel and a number of other authors, analyzing
the concepts of “torture”, “suffering”, “pain”, came
to the conclusion that these concepts can be combined
into the concept of “cruelty”, in one word [28].
In this regard, it is rightly recognized that torture is
committed with cruelty. But, on the other hand, when
establishing legislative norms when establishing
criminal liability for torture, this thought did not
contain specific methods of commission.
In our opinion, cruelty in a broad sense includes not
only physical violence, but also psychological –
psychological violence. It is for this reason that even
the above terms cannot be replaced with one word by
the term “cruelty”. In addition, as we have already
recognized above, torture can be committed only with
the help of physical violence (systematic beatings or
other actions).
Torture can be committed not only as a result of active
action, but also as a result of inaction, as specified in
article 110 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of
Uzbekistan. For example, the commission of torture as
a result of inaction manifests itself in cases when the
deprivation of a parent (other persons replacing them)
of a child of food, heat caused him physical or
psychological trauma.
Proceeding from this, it seems to us expedient to
replace the phrase “other acts of torture”, provided
for in the disposition of the first part of Article 110 of
the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, with
the expression “other acts of torture”.
A further question that needs to be resolved is whether
this “systematicity” can manifest itself even in the
torture of other actions or be used only in the infliction
of beatings.
In this regard, some authors [1]believe that torture is
inherent only in beatings, while other groups of
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Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
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authors argue that torture by other actions [2] should
also be carried out systematically.
However, in our opinion, this opinion cannot be called
correct. The first part of Article 110 of the Criminal Code
of the Republic of Uzbekistan is formulated with the
phrase “Systematic beatings or other acts of torture”,
and the sign “systematic” was applied only to
beatings.
In addition, the systematic nature of the corpus delicti
associated with torture can also form torture by one
action when beating or otherwise. Of course, such an
act should be in the nature of torture.
Thus, the second way of committing torture is “torture
by other actions”, in which, in our opinion, it would be
advisable to “torture by other actions”, which follows
from the disposition of the first part of Article 110 of the
Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Torture by other actions can inherently be expressed
as a result of a prolonged and systematically
committed action or inaction that has an adverse
effect on the victim's div of physical (mechanical,
chemical, biological) effects.
Analysis of the legal literature on the composition of
torture leads to the fact that a number of experts [19]
recognize torture as a crime of formal content [26],
while others [9], pointing to the infliction of mental or
physical suffering, argue that it is a crime of material
content [12].
It follows from the disposition of the first part of Article
110 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan
that from the moment of committing systematic acts
of a violent nature or other acts committed by force,
the crime is over and, according to the Criminal Law,
does not require the occurrence of any consequences.
As M.H. Rustambayev noted, the crime is recognized as
completed from the moment of committing torture
involving rape or other actions [18].
Those who recognize torture as a crime of material
content rely on the fact of causing “physical or mental”
suffering and on the connection that one committed
event led to another. At the same time, the physical or
mental suffering inflicted on the victim as a result of his
torture is indicated.
V.I. Zubkova emphasizes that “physical suffering
should be understood as prolonged pain, mental
suffering - anxiety and a high level of pressure” [7].
Each crime is committed in a certain place, time
interval, circumstances, in one way or another, or with
the use of a specific weapon or means. These
circumstances always relate to the objective side of the
crime and have different socio-legal significance. Each
of the listed signs, if it is provided for in the disposition
of articles of the Special Part of the Criminal Code, acts
as the main feature of the corpus delicti, which, in turn,
requires its unconditional definition. The absence of
these circumstances in an obviously committed socially
dangerous act indicates the absence of the elements of
this crime in the person's act [6].
As M. Usmanaliev noted, “...when charged with
committing a crime, in order to properly qualify and
bring to justice, they must correctly and in detail
identify these signs, which are considered signs of the
objective side of the crime” [25].
Optional signs of the objective side of torture [5], i.e.
time, place, circumstances, method, instrument and
means of committing a crime do not matter in
qualification, except for the ways in which they express
the external side of torture.
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Summing up the study of the objective side of torture,
the following main conclusions can be drawn:
1.
According to the wording in the legislation, the
crime specified in Article 110 of the Criminal Code of
the Republic of Uzbekistan has a formal
composition. The crime is considered to be over
from the moment of committing systematic acts of
a violent nature or other actions. In order to qualify
the crime of torture, the origin of physical or
mental suffering is not required.
2.
Beating is the infliction of beatings on the victim's
div several times (two or more times). Beatings
can be inflicted by the perpetrator through the
div, through objects or devices, but this does not
affect the qualification of the crime. Beatings,
which are a crime of torture, should be carried out
systematically.
Systematicity is manifested in this by two criteria:
quantitative and qualitative. The qualitative
indicator is manifested in the relationship, the
internal unity of the sequence that characterizes
the behavior of the perpetrator in relation to the
same victim (victims). The quantitative indicator of
systematicity is manifested in the presence of triple
perfect beatings. However, when committing the
last three beatings, there should not be an excess
of the limitation period for bringing to
responsibility between the first and the next.
3.
As an alternative method of committing torture,
torture by other actions acts. In this regard, we
propose in the disposition of the first part of Article
110 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of
Uzbekistan to replace the phrase “torture by other
actions” with the expression “torture by other
actions”. Because torture by other actions forming
the corpus delicti can be committed by a
prolonged, systematic action or inaction that has
an adverse physical (mechanical, chemical,
biological) effect on the victim's div.
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Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
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04
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Pages:
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SJIF
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(2020:
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Publisher:
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Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
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2693-0803)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
5-13
SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
453
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(2021:
5.
952
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6.
215
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The USA Journals
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қ
қ
аранг: Ўзбекистон юридик
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13
Volume 04 Issue 03-2022
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
–
2693-0803)
VOLUME
04
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
5-13
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2020:
5.
453
)
(2021:
5.
952
)
(2022:
6.
215
)
OCLC
–
1176274523
METADATA
IF
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7.659
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The USA Journals
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