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THE SPORT TERMINOLOGY IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
LANGUAGES
Allamova Mavluda Komilboeyva
Student of master’s degree UzSWLU
Terminological units come to a language in different ways. The first one is the
recognition of a usual word a term. This is not the best method because of
reinterpretation and metonymy
(
“bosh”, “yelka”)
. The form, pronunciation, declination
and stress of the term may be changed to differentiate such lexemes.
Borrowing is more appropriate way of term creation. Different terms are taken
from different languages depending on historical situation. Music and commercial
terminology usually is of Italian origin (
legato, adagio, andante, bank, loro, alpari
),
scenic and post terms are of French origin (
tanaffus, parter, pleylist, kuryer, posilka
pochtasi
), sport terminology is of English origin (
futbol, sport, chempion, ring
). Military
and technical terms are taken from German (
parapet, serjant, standart
).
The Scietific and Terminology Committe defines a term as a word or word
combination as the unity of the phonetic sigh and the notion of this sign in the system
of concepts of some scientific brunch. We may assume that terminology is the unity
of terms which express the notion of some sphere, that were historically formed.
The first stage for term translation is the determination of the field the term is
referred to and comprehension of its meaning in the source language and ability to
translate it to the target language.
Scientists determine two stages of terminology translation: defining the
meaning of a term and translation of it to the target language. To make an accurate
translation one should find out which type of term formation the given word belongs
to. They define four main types:
1. simple - a term consists of one word:
back
–
himoyachi,
offense
–
hujum;
2. compound
– a term consists of two words that are written as one word or
with a dash:
corner kick
–
burchak zarbasi,
throw-in
–
to
‘pni yon chiziqdan uloqtirish;
3. terminological expressions that consist of few components:
cut down the
angle
–
to
‘pni tepish paytida burchakni kamaytirish (kesish).,
small-sided game
– har
ikki jamoada 11 dan kam o'yinchi o'ynaydigan o
‘yin;
4. abbreviations:
FIFA
(Federation Internationale de Football Association
– the
official governing div of international soccer since 1904 which established the
World Cup tournament; helps set and revise rules of the game, called the 17 Laws)
– Butunjahon futbol assotsiatsiyalari federatsiyasi.
Scientists differentiate few types of terminology translation methods. One of
the easiest ways of translation is
transliteration
– a mapping from one system of
writing into another, word by word, or ideally letter by letter. Transliteration attempts
to be exact, so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct the original
spelling of unknown transliterated words; it is usually used for the simple type:
dribbling
–
dribling,
offside
–
ofsayt,
o’yindan tashqari holat. But a translator should
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use this method very carefully because of ‘false words’ that while transliteration may
misrepresent the meaning:
data
- ma'lumotlar,
instance -
hol.
Another method is
calque
or loan translation and it is a word or phrase
borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word (Latin:
“verbum pro verbo”)
or root-for-root translation. This method is usually used for complex or compound
terms translation:
a standard key
-
combination
– standart kombinatsiya,
Bundesliga
– Bundesliga,
forward pass
– oldinga o'tish.
Connotative sense is also inherent for the sport terms (and this is emotional
component). Some terms are of slang origin, so it is not that easy to convey the
connotative meaning because it may be lost during translation. Sport terms are
significant for games and motional component is vital for such terminology. During
the game people are fulfilled with different emotions (stress, happiness,
expressiveness, rage) and often terms are invented under the influence of such
feelings:
Smash (lawn tennis)
– means a ‘zarba’, but this strike is crushing, because
‘smach’ means
destroy, crash.
Timekeeper
– means “sekundomer”, while ‘keeper’ means
guard, watch.
Goalkeeper
– means “darvozabon”, where ‘goal’ means darvoza, gol (but the
first meaning is
aim, target
).
English word
“foul”
is of great interest because in sport it means
fault, break of
the rule
but the first meaning is
dirty, stinking or spoiled
and if we consider
‘foul
situation’
in a game, it may be translated as
dirty game.
Sport terminology is specific but it is used by everyone and everywhere (by
sportsman and amateurs), and it is used in texts of this type. The greatest peculiarity
of sport terms among all the other terms is the sense of relative equivalence, if to
take into account the type of texts they are used for. So we should mind the
translation equivalence. Equivalence is keeping the relative balance of semantic,
stylistic and functional information for both
– the source and the target language
terms. Original and translation equivalence is general understanding of information
located in a text, including information that can influence not only upon mind but also
upon senses of the recipient. This information in expressed both explicitly and
implicitly. Adequate translation is the translation that directly conveys not only the
main plot but also stylistic peculiarities of lexical and grammatical notions.
REFERENCES:
1.
Виноградов В.С. Введение в переводоведение (общие и лексические
вопросы). – М.: Издательство Института общего среднего образования РАО,
2001.
2.
Заботкина В.И. Новая лексика современного английского языка. –
М.: Высшая школа – 2003.
