World scientific research journal
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Volume-39_Issue-1_May-2025
120
THE ROLE OF VITAMINS IN THE METABOLISM
OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Yadgarova Shahodat Salihovna.
yadgarova.shaxodat@bsmi.uz
Bukhara State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan
https://orcid.org/0009-0004-70025-5671
Abstract:
Vitamins
(Latin : vita - life), drugs - organic compounds necessary
for the life activity and normal metabolism of a living organism. They have different
chemical structures. Information about people getting sick as a result of a lack of
certain substances in the composition of nutrients is recorded in ancient Chinese
books, and later in the works of Hippocrates.
Key words:
plants, substances, absorption, diseases, physiological, vitamins,
protein, compounds, stomach, teeth, pigments, avitaminosis, Inability, legumes,
metabolism
The study of V from a scientific point of view began in the 18th century. English
doctor J. Lind (1757), French physiologist F. Majandi (1816), Russian doctor NI
Lunin (1880), Dutch doctor Eikman (1897), English scientist F. Hopkins ( 1906)
made a great contribution to the study of V. . V. is not synthesized in the div, a
person receives the necessary V. with various food substances. Hypovitaminosis
occurs when there is insufficient vitamin B in food, and avitaminosis occurs when it
is completely absent. The main source of vitamin B is plants (see Plants with
vitamins). Microorganisms also play a major role in the formation of V. The
biological importance of V. consists of a correcting effect on metabolism. V. enhances
chemical reactions occurring in the div, affects the div's absorption of nutrients,
helps the normal growth of cells and the development of the whole div, enters the
div's enzymes and ensures their normal function and activity. V. in energy
metabolism in the div ( V,, V2 V.), in the biosynthesis of amino acids (V6, V12 V.)
and fatty acids (pantothenic acid), in the process of photoreception (vitamin A), in
blood clotting (vitamin K) and in the absorption of calcium (vitamin D ) is involved.
Thus, if a vitamin is lacking or completely absent in the div, the metabolism is
disturbed. When there is a lack of V. in food, a person's ability to work decreases, and
the div's resistance to diseases and adverse effects of the external environment
decreases. Vitamin deficiency is caused not only by the lack of vitamins in food, but
also by disturbances in the processes of their absorption in the intestines, their delivery
to tissues, and their transformation into biologically active forms. But the excess of
some vitamins beyond the physiological need can lead to hypervitaminosis. In the
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following years, the chemical structure of more than 30 vitamins was fully studied
and many were synthesized (see Vitamin industry).
Initially, V. was conventionally marked with the initials of the Latin alphabet:
A, V, S, D, Ye, R, etc. Later, a single name of international standardization was
adopted according to the chemical structure of V. V. is divided into water-soluble,
fat-soluble and vitamin-like compounds. Fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, 1 E and
K, and water-soluble vitamin B complex and C, RR. In addition to V., there are
substances that undergo various changes in the div and become V. - provitamins.
Provitamins include carotenes (provitamin A), some sterols that turn into vitamin D
(ergosterol, etc.). A person's daily need for V. depends on the general condition of the
div, work style, health or illness. A, V, V2, S, D, RR are especially important for
human life. Below is a description of the more commonly used V. Retinol (vitamin
A) is widely distributed in nature. It is found in plant tissues in the form of provitamin
A (carotenoid pigments that turn into retinol in the div). Participates in the formation
of vision pigments, ensures normal growth of the organism, adaptation of the eye to
different levels of light. If there is a lack of retinol in the div, the skin becomes dry,
scaly, itchy, small rashes appear, purulent skin diseases flare up, hair becomes dry,
dull and falls out, and nails become brittle. Inability to look at light, squint,
conjunctivitis, blepharitis are mainly caused by lack of vitamin A. Provitamin A
(carotene) is abundant in plants, especially in their green leaves, vitamin A in animal
and fish liver, fish oil.
Thiamine (V, vitamin) is included in many food products. It is mainly found in
the husk and husk (bran) of grain. Thiamine is important in carbohydrate metabolism
in the div; if the food is rich in carbohydrates, more thiamine is required for their
absorption. Without thiamine, polyneuritis occurs. If there is no or lack of this vitamin
in the div, a serious disease of the nervous system - beriberi appears, as well as
decreased intestinal peristalsis, constipation, muscle relaxation, and a decrease in
physical and mental performance. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is involved in the growth
process and is one of the growth factors. Participates in protein, fat and carbohydrate
metabolism. Adjusts the state of the central nervous system, affects the metabolism
of the eyeball, helps to perceive light and distinguish colors. Riboflavin enters the
div with food, and if there is a lack of riboflavin in food, the corners of the mouth,
lips crack (see Lip cleft), hair loss, conjunctivitis and blepharitis are observed.
Vitamin B2 is abundant mainly in animal products - eggs, cheese, milk, meat, and
grains and legumes. Pyridoxine (vitamin V6) is found in many plant and animal
products: yeast, wheat germ, liver, fish, beef and legumes. It ensures the normal
digestion of protein and fat and plays an important role in nitrogen metabolism. If
there is a lack of pyridoxine in the div, children will not grow, the work of the
gastrointestinal tract will be disturbed, and anemia will occur. Stomatitis, skin
inflammation, irritability, insomnia are observed in pregnant women. The necessary
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amount of pyridoxine for the human div is produced by intestinal bacteria.
Nicotinamide, nicotinic acid (vitamin RR) participates in the respiration of cells,
protein metabolism, accelerates the digestion of plant proteins in the div, normalizes
the secretion and movement of the stomach, improves the composition of secretions
and juice produced by the pancreas, and stabilizes the work of the liver. Pellagra
disease occurs when the div lacks nicotinic acid. Nicotinic acid is abundant in
poultry, beef, liver, kidney, yeast, rice bran, and wheat bran.
Folic acid (V, vitamin) participates in the metabolism and synthesis of some
amino acids, as well as in the synthesis of nucleic acids, enhances the bone marrow's
hematopoietic function, contributes to the better absorption of vitamin V12. Folic acid
is abundant in plant and animal products, especially liver, kidney and green leafy
vegetables. Intestinal microorganisms synthesize folic acid in large quantities.
Cyanocobalamin min) is a highly biologically active substance. Methionine
participates in the synthesis of nucleic acids and blood formation. It enters the div
with food, if it is not enough in the div, anemia occurs. Cyanocobalamin is
especially abundant in beef liver. It is widely used in medicine, livestock and poultry
farming.Pantothenic acid (vitamin V5) is abundant in plant and animal tissues. It
normalizes the activity of the nervous system and adrenal and thyroid glands.
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is important in metabolism, in the assimilation of
connective tissues, in maintaining and restoring these tissues in a normal state. If there
is a lack of vitamin C in the div, the structure of bones and joints is damaged, scurvy
occurs. Ascorbic acid is not produced or accumulated in the div. Vitamin C is found
in vegetables and fruits. Ascorbic acid is part of various multivitamin preparations.
Calciferol (vitamin D) affects the mineral exchange of substances and bone formation.
It is especially necessary during the period of rapid growth and ossification of the
skeleton of young children. Lack of vitamin D in the div causes rickets. Tunes, cod,
etc. fish oil is a source of calciferol . In addition, it is abundant in milk, cottage cheese,
butter, liver and egg yolk. It also protects the teeth.
Tocopherol (vitamin E, reproduction vitamin) strengthens the activity of muscles
and gonads, contributes to the accumulation of all fat-soluble vitamins, especially
retinol, in internal organs. The green part of the plants and the oil extracted from them
(for example, in sunflower oil) are abundant. Phylloquinone (vitamin K) is one of the
main factors of blood clotting. Bleeding from various organs (nose, gums,
gastrointestinal tract, etc. ) is observed when the div lacks vitamin K. Phylloquinone
is found in the green part of lettuce, cabbage, spinach, and nettle. In addition to the
above-mentioned V., there are other biologically active substances (vitamin-like
compounds) necessary for the div. These include bioflavonoids, choline, inositol,
lipoate, orot, pangamate, paraaminobenzoate acids, etc. substances are included.
Fruits, vegetables, etc. V. decreases when ingredients are long, stored and
cooked improperly. The most unstable from V. is ascorbic acid, which is destroyed
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by the sun, hot and humid air. When cooking V., especially ascorbic acid, wipe and
wash vegetables quickly. it is necessary to cut it, put it in boiling water, close the lid
of the pot. V. preparations are available in pharmacies, but because of their strong
biological effect, Vitamin should be taken only on the advice of a doctor.
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