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The
complex
conceptual
analysis
of
concepts
“masculinity” and “femininity” in Spanish
Anastasiya TKACHEVA
1
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received November 2022
Received in revised form
10 November 2022
Accepted 25 December 2022
Available online
25 January 2023
The article dwells on the etymologic, syntagmatic and
paradigmatic analysis of concepts “masculinity” and “femininity”
in Spanish language based on examples from Spanish fiction.
3 types of morphosyntax compatibility and the main lexical-
semantical groups of researched concepts are revealed. Moreover,
the synonymous line of concepts “masculinity” and “femininity” in
Spanish is represented in this paper.
2181-3663
/©
2023 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol1-iss1-pp11-19
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
syntagmatic,
paradigmatic,
concept,
masculinity,
femininity,
morphosyntax,
synonyms.
Ispan tilidagi “erkaklik” va “ayollik” tushunchalarining
kompleks konseptual tahlili
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
sintagmatika,
paradigma,
tushuncha,
erkaklik,
ayollik,
morfosintaksis,
sinonimlar.
Maqola ispan badiiy adabiyoti misolida ispan tilidagi
“erkaklik”
va
“ayollik”
tushunchalarining
etimologik,
sintagmatik
va
paradigmatik
tahliliga
bag‘ishlangan.
Morfosintaktik moslikning uch turi hamda o‘rganilayotgan
tushunchalarning asosiy leksik-semantik guruhlari ochib
berilgan. Bundan tashqari, maqolada ispan tilidagi
“
erkaklik
”
va
“
ayollik
”
tushunchalarining sinonimik qatori keltirilgan.
1
PhD, Associated Professor, Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages.
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Комплексный
концептуальный
анализ
понятий
«мужественность» и «женственность» в испанском
языке
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
синтагматика,
парадигма,
концепт,
маскулинность,
женственность,
морфосинтаксис,
синонимы.
Статья
посвящена
этимологическому,
синтагматическому
и
парадигматическому
анализу
понятий
«мужественность»
и
«женственность»
в
испанском языке на примере испанской художественной
литературы. Выявлены 3 типа морфосинтаксической
сочетаемости и основные лексико
-
семантические группы
исследуемых концептов. Кроме того, в статье представлен
синонимичный
ряд
понятий
«мужественность»
и
«женственность» в испанском языке.
An anthropic-oriented approach to linguistic research and communication is
closely connected with the cognitive scientific paradigm and allows to give a status of
concepts to masculinity and femininity [Vitlitskaya, 2005], therefore the investigation of
these concepts can be transferred into the sphere of cognitive linguistics. This article is
dedicated to the complex analysis of lexical means with the help of which the researched
concepts are represented in Spanish language space.
Nowadays researcher-linguists often apply a conceptual analysis that testifies
about the “expansion of researching paradigm of language as well as the interdisciplinary
character of modern linguistic researches” [Jus
upov 2004:12]. The conceptual analysis of
language units assumes the study of reality as the interconnection of language with the
intellectual activity forming a consciousness [Safarov 2009:9]. So, we can affirm that the
ideas about femininity and masculinity are not only reflected in language, but also
constructed within it.
The concepts have a certain structure of associations, complementary signs, special
collective, and individual knowledge and their interrelations [Kartushina 2003:15],
therefore its description includes the research of lexical means in some aspects.
The etymological analysis
The review of the etymology of the concept’s lexeme shall be completed definitely
by its study. The etymology reveals many associative connections consolidated in the
human consciousness. It is connected with mythology because it reflects human ideas,
manners, customs, and beliefs [Rusakova 2007: 74].
The concept “masculinity” in Spanish can be described through lexemes
“masculinidad”, “virilidad”, “hombría”.
The concept “femininity” is represented with
lexemes
“feminidad”, “femineidad”.
In according to the dates of Spanish etymologic electronic dictionaries [Diccionario
etimológico de español.
http://www.etimologias.dechile.net
, Diccionario etimológico de
la l
engua española.
http://elcastellano.org], the lexeme
“masculinidad”
proceeds from the
Latin word
mas
–
“masculine”. It is interesting that the Latin word
“mas”
is correlated
with a word from the language of Avesta
–
“
mah
” –
moon (symbol of death) [Makovsky
1996: 386].
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The etymology of the word “hombría” dates back to the word “hombre” which
originates from the Latin word “homo, hominis” –
“man”. It is possible that this word
proceeds from Latin “humus” –
“land, ground” [Diccionario etimológico de español.
http://www.etimologias.dechile.net]. This fact reminds us of the binary dichotomy of
ancient mythology where masculinity was associated with land and ground. Moreover,
the meaning of the word “hombre” can be correlated with the significance of “wet”,
“spewing sperm”: Latin homo –
man, but Latin umeo
–
be wet [Makovsky 1996: 386]. In
other words, the physiological peculiarities of man’s organism are verbalized. Some
researchers consider that the semantic of the word “hombre” overlaps with the cognate
word “homenaje” –
“oath of loyalty, honoring, homage” [Zykova 2009].
The etymological origin of the word “virilidad” starts from the Latin word “vir” –
“man”. This lexeme correlates with the concept of primary elements of Universe (fire and
water): Latin “vir” –
“man”, but Indo
-
European “uer” –
“fire”, and Tocharian “a war” –
“water” or Tocharian “a wir” –
“new, young”. These words testify about regular
cosmogonic transformations [Makovsky 1996:386]. In our opinion, the correlation of
masculinity with elements emp
hasizes the physical strength of men’s organism, as well
as the fact that a man, like destructive elements, can dominate not only in everyday life
but also in nature.
The etymology of lexeme “feminidad” traces back to the Latin word “femina” with
the Indo-
European root “dhe” –
“to breastfeed”. Thus, the word “femina” etymologically
means “the breastfeeding creature” [Diccionario etimológico de español.
http://www.etimologias.dechile.net]. In other words, the biological nature of woman is
emphasized. In according to the dictionary of M.Moliner [Moliner 1994:1292], the word
“femina” is correlated with Spanish words “fecundo” –
“fertile”, “feto” –
“embryo”.
Therefore, the etymology of lexemes “feminidad”, “hombría”, “masculinidad”,
“virilidad”
emphasizes the b
iologic, physiologic as well as interior peculiarities of men’s
and women’s worldview. The semes “mortality of humans”, “variability of humans during
the period of whole their life”, “physical strength”, “superiority”.
The syntagmatic analysis
Being an organic union of linguistic elements, the syntagma can be considered as
an indicator of lexical and semantical compatibility of lexemes. The scientists describe a
syntagmatic analysis as a necessary base for a paradigmatic analysis. “The paradigmatic
and syntagmatic relations of linguistic cultures are interconnected and interdependent.
The proximity of paradigms implies the similarity of use of such units and vice versa”
[Vorobyov 2008: 60].
In the process of analysis of language material, we reveal that the concepts
“masculinity” and “femininity” in Spanish have a special syntagmatic possibility and
appear in a literary text in a coherent manner. We can point out that the lexemes
“feminidad”, “masculinidad”, “virilidad”, “hombría”
can become part of substantive and
verb constructions. The attributive combinations showing all the range of definitions and
images of the concept are standing out among the substantive constructions.
In the process of investigation, we revealed 3 types of morphosyntax compatibility
common for the concept “masculinity” and “femininity” in Spanish language:
1.
Adjective syntagma
has the following models connected with the position of
adjective in relation to substantive: a) Adj + virilidad/ feminidad/masculinidad; b)
virilidad/feminidad/masculinidad + Adj;
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2.
Nominal syntagma:
S + virilidad/feminidad/masculinidad. The compatibility of
words here occurs on the prepositional level, predominantly with the preposition “de”
expressing the possession;
3.
Verbal syntagma:
V + virilidad/feminidad/masculinidad. Within this syntagma
the researched lexemes can use not only as subjects of action but also as objects of action:
virilidad/feminidad/masculinidad + V.
Now we examine the main lexical-semantical groups within which the
compatibility of researched concepts occurs:
a)
the group with common seme “pleasure” expresses the positive senses of visual,
tactile and taste character caused by masculinity (
la embelesadora, seductora, atractiva,
áspera masculinidad; sabor de masculinidad, aspereza de masculinida
d; disfrutar de
masculinidad
) and femininity (
la dulce, blanda, delicada, placentera, tentadora, suave,
perfecta feminidad; miel de feminidad, suavidad de feminidad; gozar de feminidad
). We
should point out that the masculinity in the conditions of context acts as an active
element making concrete actions, but the femininity is a passive element perceiving these
actions;
b)
the group with common seme “heat” associated with emotional passion and
impetuosity. Within this group the concept “femininity” has a big
possibility of
compatibility and correlates with the sphere of emotions (
la feminidad ardiente, caliente,
cálida; calor de feminidad
)
in contrast to the concept “masculinity”
(
la masculinidad
flagrante
);
c)
the group with common seme “strength” inherent exclu
sively to the concept
“masculinity”
(
masculinidad feroz, hipnótica, poderosa, agresiva, arrogante, descarada,
perturbadora, sobrecogedora, aterradora, desconcertante, abrumadora; poder de
masculinidad, fuerza de masculinidad, firmeza de masculinidad, ataque de masculinidad,
embestida de masculinidad; su masculinidad intimidaba
). Moreover, this strength is
aggressive, destructive, overwhelming and fearful. The actions fulfilled by masculinity
have a invasive character;
d)
the group with a common seme “line dividing one side from other” is inherent
to the concept “femininity”. This fact testifies that femininity is limited with some frontier
reached in the determinate period of life, in difference with masculinity which is
considered congenital characteristics (
umbral de feminidad, al borde de feminidad, la
puerta de feminidad, la faceta de feminidad
);
e)
the group with common seme “some mysterious, intricate, something that we
need to discover” inherent for a concept “femininity” gives to the substantive “femininity”
the meaning “mystery” (
secreto de feminidad, misterios de feminidad).
Therefore, the syntagmatic relations as ontological peculiarities of language
elements are considered as an integral part of component analysis, because each
language element can be connected with other elements. For this reason, the research of
compatibility of concept names with other lexemes allows us to reveal the
complementary cognitive signs hidden in syntactical structure of language.
The paradigmatic analysis
The linguistic concept correlates with more than one lexical unit, thus the
component analysis of lexical meaning “allows to model the paradigm not only of
polysemous word but also the different and in the same time semantically closed words
–
synonyms” [R
usakova 2007:98]. The full semantic description of language concept
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consists in introducing of this word “in some semantic line determining in particular the
sets of synomyms” [Vorkachyov 2002: 73]. Such synonymic lines form certain groups in
the system of language. These groups begin the paradigmatic relations according to their
semantic organization [Bushuy, Safarov 2007: 149].
The synonymic line of the concept “femininity” in Spanish is represented by the
following units [Diccionario de espa
ñol
http://servicios.elpais.com/diccionarios,
Diccionario de sinónomos http: //sinonimos.org
]:
1)
softness/
suavidad
. The use of this lexeme actualizes the signs of femininity
connected with women’s appearance as well as with her interior world. The substantive
“softness” is used in context in the meaning “the roundness of women’s div”:
Se hacía
mujercita, se llenaban de suavidad sus contornos y sus hoyuelos, mientras sus miradas
adquirían significados que Mauro sólo conocía a través de las fabulaciones infantiles
[J.Donoso, Casa de campo] and also “an interior characteristics peculiar to women”:
La
suavidad era en ella como la fragancia en las flores, esencia misteriosa que se exhalaba de
cada una de sus facciones como de cada una de sus palabras
[E.Castelar, Ricardo]. From
the analysis of language material, we can make a conclusion that this lexeme is endowed
with the
following features: “attractive stoutness”, and “mystery”. The comparison of
“softness” with the fragrance of flowers emphasizes
the interior charm which entails and
is programmed by nature.
2)
fineness, delicacy, exquisiteness/
delicadeza
. This lexeme is actualized in the
meaning of “delicate, polite behavior” correlated with patience and consistence:
Dejó que
todos dijeran todo, y en el espacio de silencio entre los interlocutores, se pasó con delicadeza
de niñita bien educada la servilleta de lino blanco por
la boca…
[Ch.B.Burgos, Delirios y
certezas
] as well as “an interior feature of person”:
La belleza rubia había perdido su
delicadeza virginal … la Gabriela de antaño había muerto en la fuga del pasado irreparable
[L.O.Luco, Casa grande: escenas de la vida en Chile]. From the last example, we can
deduce that this feature is peculiar only to young unmarried girls, because of it this
lexeme includes the innocence and the lack of experience.
3)
fineness, elegance/
finura
. This lexeme differs from the previous word because it
is often used in context in the meaning “the property of women’s appearance, fragility,
elegance” evaluated positively:
Era alta para sus trece años, y en la finura de su cintura se
descubría la herencia paraguaya
[M.
Lebrón, Pancha
];
Pero
“Reina del Nilo” era femenina,
implacable y fríamente femenina; lo era desde luego en la finura con que estaba cincelada
su pequeña cabeza afilada
[F.Savater, “Antonio y Cleopatra”]. Through this lexeme the
author describes the peculiarities of structure of figure, the shape of the head finer than
men’s figure and head.
4)
tenderness, softness/
ternura
. Besides of the seme “the manifestation of
emotions peculiar to women”:
La callada compasión de los hombres, la ternura efusiva de
las mujeres y el halago candor
oso de las criaturas, acabaron por calmar … la desesperación
del inválido
[T. Lamas de Rodríguez Alcalá, Tradiciones del hogar], in this word the signs
“love, attachment” are actualized:
Sus padres murieron hacía ya muchos años y no le
quedara otro amparo
que el de Calí, vieja esclava criada en su casa que la amaba con
ternura de madre
[T.Lamas de Rodr
íguez Alcalá, la misma obra
]. The peculiar semantics
of this word shows that such a tenderness demonstrates the exterior display of caress,
therefore such sig
ns as “passion”, “impetuosity”, “stormy feeling”.
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5)
fineness, fragility/
gracilidad
. This lexeme is used in context as “characteristics
of women’s appearance”:
Tampoco los hombros se le abrían ya como alones de cóndor
enfermo; vibraban con prestancia, y una manteleta que dejaba ella resbalar por su espalda,
para recogerla con señorío sobre los antebrazos, suavizábale aún lo que ayer pareciera
flacura y se lo hacía gracilidad
[http://corpusdelespanol.org]. Such fragility is correlated
with the thinness bearing the shade of the weakness, exposure, vulnerability.
Reviewed synonymic line of femininity allows us to make a conclusion that
femininity is characterized in the consciousness of Spanish speakers with the aim of signs
connected with appearance, the interior world, and the emotions of the person. The
synonymic net of the concept “femininity” in Spanish can be drawn in the following
manner:
Scheme 1. Paradigmatic relations of the concept “femininity”
The synonymic line of the concept
“masculinity” in Spanish is represented with the
following lexemes [Diccionario de espa
ñol
http://servicios.elpais.com/ diccionarios,
Diccionario de sinónimos http: //sinonimos.org
]:
1)
integrity, directness, determination, self-control/
entereza
. In other words, this
is the ability to keep the self-mastery in difficult conditions of life during the long period
of time, the ability to tolerate and not to show the state of physical pain publicly.
Este no
deja de apreciar la entereza del hombre
–
pocos conservan
esa arrogancia después de un
tiempo de calabozo, hambre y grillos y ante la posibilidad del tormento
[Guido Rodríguez
Alcalá, Cuentos]. Conteniendo con viril entereza la sangre que escapa de la herida y
apretando el paso
[J.Goytisolo, La reivindicación del
conde Don Julián].
2)
courage, bravery/valor, that is the prowess demonstrated publicly. Such
courage is often exposed and is correlated with the bravado, desperation without
common sense.
Entonces, por ex
traño fenómeno humano, aquel desesperado, hombre de
v
alor a toda prueba, recordó que andaba sin armas y tuvo el vago temor de una sorpresa
[L.O.Luco, Casa grande: escenas de la vida en Chile].
3)
strength, firmness, power, steadfastness/
fortaleza
or the ability to choose the
own way of life, to advance forward to the aim continuously. This lexeme emphasizes
that the men usually are the owner of their destiny and make decisions independently:
El
hombre debe tener la fortaleza y la valentía para hacerse a sí mismo, sin esperar a que nada
ni nadie programe y planifique su vida
[P.
Chamizo, Paredes, un campesino extremeño
].
4)
integrity/
integridad
, the quality which includes the set of all positive features of
men. The harmonious coexistence of these characteristics represents the ideal of
masculinity.
En el primero, se forma el hombre, como hombre, en la integridad de sus varias
fuerzas, para ser y vivir en la unidad de su actividad, destino y relaciones
[Francisco Giner
de los Ríos, Escritos sobre la Universidad española].
feminidad
suavidad
delicadeza
finura
ternura
gracilidad
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5)
honesty, good faith/
honradez
or the respect to the norms and principles
existing in the society, the readiness to protect them.
Y esa lucha es un deber sagrado para
nosotros, Sebastián, y para todo hombre que tenga un mínimo de honradez y decencia
[P.Chamizo, Paredes, un campesino extremeño]. This lexeme can be actualized as an
exterior image of men and is endowed with such signs as seriousness, impressive,
presentable look:
La honradez, el valor y la energía resaltaban en su fisonomía, cuya
expresión sería y reflexiva se dulcificaba a intervalos por una sonrisa
[T.Arnoriz, El
testamento de Don Juan].
6)
strength, power, firmness, energy, cheerfulness/
vigor,
in other words, the big
physical power, endurance by fulfilling a difficult work.
Aquellos hombres conocieron con
mejor instinto que en la dulzura y regalo de las campiñas se enervan pronto el vigor del
cuerpo y la energía del espíritu
[F.Navarro Villoslada, La mujer de Navarra]. In spite of the
fact that the lexeme “vigor” is used mostly in respect to men, this quality can be peculiar
to women too. In this case the mentioned feature becomes a positive value:
Y la vieron
alejarse, firme, a trancos iguales, con el vigor de un hombre
[E.Barrios, Gran señor y
rajadiablos].
7)
honesty, decency/
decencia
or the dignity in actions and in words, the
performance of noble actions.
El oficial mexicano debe tomar más cultura de la
Universidad, deb
e ir más a las escuelas, para que el día de mañana sean capaces de analizar
la situación de México y con… con toda decencia, con toda caballerosidad, saber el plan que
a él le corresponde
[Corpus del español de M.
Davies http://corpusdelespanol.org]
8)
honesty, decence/
honorabilidad
or having a good name and positive evaluation
of man’s actions by people around.
Conspiraban inclusive desde la cárcel, donde no se
amedrentaban y escribían con su propia sangre consignas que atentaban contra su
honorabilidad
[N.
López, Tántalo en el trópico].
9)
noble, courageous act/
hombrada
which is performed with the aim to
demonstrate or emphasize the presence of some positive qualities. The origin of this
lexeme from the word “hombre” testifies that the implementation of su
ch action was
expected only from men.
El asunto podía ser de inmensa trascendencia, y el apocado
marido no le veía “bastante claro” para decidirse a hacer, en honor de la justicia, una
hombrada
[J.M.de Pereda, Oros son triunfos].
Reviewed synonymic line of masculinity allows us to make a conclusion that
masculinity in the consciousness of Spanish speakers is characterized by the aim of the
interior, emotional signs as well as connected with behavior. In contrast to femininity, the
signs of masculinity connected with appearance were not objectified in synonymic lines.
The synonymic net of the concept “masculinity” in Spanish can be drawn in the following
manner:
Scheme 2. Paradigmatic relations of concept “masculinity”
masculinidad
entereza
valor
fortaleza
integridad
honradez
vigor
decencia
honorabilidad
hombrada
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Thus, the investigated language material shows that the researched concepts has a
wide semantic space which is enriched and increased with the help of lexical synonyms.
At the same time, the concept “masculinity” has more developed synonymic net
(9 synonymic couples)
than the concept “femininity” (6 synonymic couples).
Conclusions
The linguocognitive description of lexical and semantical level of objectivation of
concepts “masculinity” and “femininity” on the material of contextual uses and dates
taken from the etymological dictionaries and dictionaries of synonyms allows making the
following generalizations:
1)
Besides of biological, physiological, and interior peculiarities of women’s and
men’s organisms, the etymological interpretation of the concept “masculinity” is
co
mplemented by the semes “mortality of humans”, “variability of humans in the period
of whole their life”, “physical strength”, “superiority”, while the concept “femininity” in its
etymology includes only the biologic predestination of woman.
2)
The analysis of syntagmatic possibilities of the words representing the
researched concepts showed their high compatibility with other parts of speech and
allowed to reveal the universal signs for masculinity and femininity (“pleasure”, “heat”)
as well as to complement
the essence of concept “masculinity” with the semes “strength”,
“certainty”. The concept “femininity” is enriched with semes “mystery”, “limit”.
3)
In the process of study of synonymic paradigms, we revealed the verbalization
of following signs of femininity
in Spanish language consciousness: “mystery”, “patience”,
“softness”, “innocence”, “fragility”, “emotionality”, “exposure”. The paradigmatic analysis
showed that a desirable sign for the feminine look is considered the slender figure with
attractive roundness creating the image of elegance, fragility associated with
vulnerability. The character of woman endowed with agreeableness and obedience takes
an important place in feminine image. The correlation of femininity with delicacy and
tenderness testifies that the feminine behavior implies first of all the modesty and
patience as well as the emotionality, caress. The masculinity possesses the following
signs: integrity, courage, strength, honesty, firmness, decency, noble acts. One of the most
important components of masculinity is the character of man endowed with the firmness,
energy and determination. The masculine behavior implies nobility, heroism, courage.
4)
The linguocognitive study of concepts “femininity” and “masculinity” allows us
to make a conclusion that the forming and development of these categories is a result not
only of natural factors. To a greater extent they are conditioned with cultural tradition.
The Spanish linguistic picture of the world is not exception. The complexness and
diversity of ideas about femininity and masculinity in Spanish consciousness
predetermine the important role of these concepts in Spanish culture. In according to
belonging to one of these categories the person is endowed with some characteristics,
functions and roles in society. On this base the gender stereotypes surge and form during
many years. Gender stereotypes serve as models of socialization and then become the
base of masculine or feminine essence, aspects of femininity or masculinity.
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