Статья рассматривает литературные шедевры ХХ века, которые стали классикой мировой литературы. Произведения таких авторов, как Джордж Оруэлл, Михаил Булгаков, Антуан де Сент-Экзюпери, Джеймс Джойс, Габриэль Гарсиа Маркес, Владимир Набоков, Джек Лондон, Уильям Фолкнер и Эрих Мария Ремарк, рассматриваются в контексте их влияния на современную литературную культуру. Описываются основные темы, структуры и философские аспекты каждого произведения, а также обсуждается их актуальность и вечное значение для читателей всех времен и народов.
The article discusses the causes and conditions for the emergence and development of the shadow economy, the content and structure of the shadow economy, the socio-economic and political consequences of the shadow economy and ways to overcome them. Conduct a socio-economic analysis of the shadow economy as a threat to economic security
The article discusses interdisciplinary Russian-Central Asian relations with a focus on its economic component. The specifics of the ongoing research, which is the basis for the article, is an attempt to systematically evaluate the key elements of interaction between Russia and Central Asian countries in the areas of politics, security, the economy (including in the energy sector), as well as in the social sphere. Through this lens, the most important factors and stages of relations in the period of 1991-2018 are also identified, and statistics not previously combined in one material are provided. Over the past years, since the declaration of independence of the Central Asian countries, economic relations between the Russian Federation and the regional countries have been characterized by a series of "ups" and "downs". A noticeable activation of Russian business and the overall economic policy of the Russian Federation in Central Asia began to be observed from the beginning of the 2000s. Russia's strategic interests have touched the oil and gas sector, where the vast majority of Russian investments have been represented. In recent years, in the face of continuing Western sanctions, the Central Asian region has become one of the most important, and non-alternative, economic regions for Russia. At present, new trends are beginning to intensify and deepen economic cooperation, including diversification of ties across sectors of the economy, expanding geography and improving the quality of cooperation. Investments from the Central Asian countries themselves in the Russian Federation have played and continue to play an important role in the development of economic relations. Moreover, relations between Russia and Central Asian countries in the labor migration segment have been developing dynamically and on a large scale for many years. In general, the importance of labor migration is high not only for the Russian Federation, but also for the Central Asian countries themselves. It is concluded that in recent years, Russian-Central Asian relations have been characterized by rather high dynamics. There is no doubt that the development of interaction is largely favored by traditionally close bilateral and multilateral ties: due to historical commonality, geographical proximity, socio-cultural and other proximity, the presence of institutional formats, and mutual desire for cooperation.
Автор на основании теоретических подходов и практики органов предварительного и судебного следствия рассматривает возможность участия стороны защиты в процессе доказывания путем привлечения специалиста на договорной основе для дачи письменного заключения. В статье отмечено, что в действительности властные субъекты при вынесении процессуального решения отдают предпочтение заключению эксперта, нежели заключению специалиста. Сделан вывод о необходимости дальнейшего реформирования законодательства относительно места и роли такого участника, как специалиста.
The Jewish community of Iran is today the largest in the Middle East. Many other Jewish communities in this region finished their life being, for centuries, a symbol of the co-existence between Muslims and Jews. However, the Jewish presence in the Islamic Republic of Iran did not complete and now numbers, according to various estimates, 16-18 thousand persons. Even before the Islamization of the Middle East, Iran became one of the most important centers of Jewish life. During the Islam era, the situation of non-Muslim minorities began to be determined by general Muslim legal norms. A significant aggravation in the situation of Iranian Jews was opened with the declaration of Shiism as the state religion of Iran in the period of the Safavids (1502-1736). In the era of the Kajar rule (1796–1925), religious and social restrictions remained a daily reality. The 20th century turned out to be truly revolutionary for Iranian Jews. Constitutionalist Revolution of 1905-1911 proclaimed the equality of all faiths, including Jews, who received the right to representation in Iranian parliament. The policy of Iranian nationalism in 1930-1970. was welcomed by most of the Jews, who felt themselves as a part of the cultural heritage of the country and its ancient history. But despite the apparent conformity of the bulk of Iranian Jews, it soon became clear that it would be difficult for Iranian Jews to fit into the new conditions that were governed by the country's ongoing policy of total Islamization of Iranian society, and a radical restructuring of all spheres of life. The policy of the Islamic regime in the country towards the Jewish religious minority proceeds from the following postulate: a clear differentiation is made between Jews, on the one hand, and Israel and Zionism, on the other. However, the declarations of the Islamic leaders of IRI show that they identify Iranian Jews with Israel and Zionism, sometimes wrapping it in sophisticated verbal forms from which primitive anti-Semitism is appearing.