Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Researches of human population genomic variety and scenarios of its genetic pool formation arc one of perspective directions of modem genetics. Prompt progress in this field has allowed defining the basic routes of continents settlement. However the information about Central Asian (CA) populations even on «classical» genetic markers has accidental, fragmentary character, and requires additional large-scale investigations. Besides, according to historical, archeological, paleontological and some anthropogenetic studies, given region was playing certain role in ancient moving of modem human ancestors throughout Eurasian continent. Therefore it is extremely important to summarize and perform complex assessment of new and collected data on Central Asian populations as practically there arc no multivariate analyses studies of given region as a complex population system.
In studies of human population genetic structure arc usually used various approaches allowing understanding concept of populations subdivision and character of genetic relationships between them. Among these techniques the prominent place belongs to approaches based on an assessment of genetic distances between populations with their subsequent analysis by multivariate statistics methods. For even more compelling picture of the relationships between the populations on tree diagram we composed «the genetic landscape» of area, where the description of population genetic structure is presented by equally spaced figures consistently consolidating populations according to their genetic distances from each other and thus creating a genetic landscape. This approach is not only a tool for elementary population boundary detection, but also can be effectively used for identification of borders and sizes of population as naturalistic unit.
Multigcnctic landscape is a collection of different genetic systems which arc specific to the region and ethnic groups, which have their geographical areas, their geographical, historical and cultural boundaries. Gene flows arc run through these conventional boundaries, but they arc less intense than in the limits of area. These limits arc ambiguous and fluid, but it is real. You can identify them by studying, for example, the structure of marriage migration. Therefore anthropogenesis of different populations will inevitably differ from each other. Ethnogenetic composition tends to change over time, from generation to generation, and hence there is a need to understand the structure of the genepool, not only at a given time, but also in the study of genetic processes that form and reform the gcncpooL In this regard, the studying of multigcnctic landscapes is in close contact with the demographics, medical and genetic ecology, anthropology, ethnology, archeology and history of the peoples, that is, with a range of areas, not only natural, but also the humanities knowleges.
Study of genomic diversity is important not only to address questions of origin and genetic history of different ethnic groups, but is also the basis for molecular epidemiology of hereditary and multifactor diseases. Each region is characterized by a specific set of common genetically determined diseases. To understand the causes of the prevalence of disease in different regions, and to develop approaches to their early DNA diagnosis and effective prevention, initially it is necessary to conduct population-based studies, which determine the development of the disease.
Purpose of research is to implement a comprehensive description of the structure of indigenous Central Asian populations genetic pool, examine demographic, phylogenetic and evolutionary features of Central Asian populations through the analysis of genetic variety of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal (NRY), autosomal, X-chromosomal microsatcllites and immunogcnetic variants of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) and hepatitis В virus (HB V).
To achieve this goal the following tasks of research is solved:
specification of immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV, allocated at the patients in Central Asian region, with the subsequent comparative phylogenetic analysis of H.pylori and HBV regional versions with those in other regions of the world;
examination of genetic variety and degree of genetic differentiation of Central Asian populations according to classical population-genetic objects -polymorphisms of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal, autosomal and X- chromosomal STRs;
assessment of the Western and East-Eurasian lines of population inheritance contribution to Central Asian populations’ genetic pool at regional, ethnic, sub-cthnic levels and in a level of elementary populations;
reviewing of character of regional populations relationships by genetic variety of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers in view of ethnographic, social and linguistic data;
evaluation of sex-specific genetic structure and the social organization according to polymorphisms of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal markers in the region;
determination of ancient ways of migrations and scripts of formation of Central Asian populations according to mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers and immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV',
evaluation of ethnogenetic position of studied Central Asian populations in the system of genetic pools of Eurasia and the world in general through comparative analysis of all studied population-genetic parameters.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
for the first time was performed a study of genetic pool structure of 26 Central Asian populations from 6 ethnic groups as complete population systems using a wide range of genetic objects;
for the first time was made an assessment of informativeness of each type of genetic subjects. For the first time was received detailed characteristic of genetic pool structure of indigenous Central Asian population on the basis of variability lines of the spectrum of genetical objects;
for the first time was defined the ratio of Westem-and the East-Eurasian lines in a genepool of Central Asian population and were made an assessments of genetic variety level and genetic differentiation degree of regional populations as a whole;
for the first time phylogenetic analysis of major haplogroups of investigated genetic subjects was conducted;
for the first time the position of Central Asian population in population genetic pool system of surrounding regions and Eurasia in the whole was studied;
for the first time the evolutionary-adaptable mechanisms, necessary in the forecast of formations of multigenic pathologies in region were studied at 6 ethnoses of Central Asian.
CONCLUSION
1. H.pylori from Central Asian territory is similar to Western Europe isolates, and shaped by two ancestral populations genotype Ancestral Europe 1 (dominant) and Ancestral Europe2 and for AE1-genotype Central Asian region probably is the source. H.pylori from the territory of Central Asia form a separate cluster group: close relationship of Tadjik, Uzbek strains and Iranian isolates from the north of Iran is established. Kirghiz isolates were found to be closer to populations from territory of Siberia.
2. High diversity of HBV genotypes in Central Asia was found -4 genotypes (A, C, D, and G). Phylogenetic analysis of Central Asian genotype HBV-with options for other regions of the world showed a close relationship between the dominant genotype D (0,78), the D1-subtype with variants of the virus in Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
3. The rates of genetic affinity for STR-NRY in Kazakhs, Turkmens, Karakalpaks Turtkul at the level of the same lineage were high: 0,58 (p<0,001); 0,34 (p<0,01) and 0,77 (p<0,001), respectively. The coefficients of relationship at the level of clan for Kazakhs, Turkmens, Uzbeks and Karakalpaks from Kungrad and Turtkul were lower: 0,30 (r<0,01); 0,21 (p<0,001) and 0,40 (r<0,001); 0,07 (p<0,05) and 0,09 (p<0,05), respectively. At the level of the tribe, the indicators were negative for all Turkic populations: -0,02 (r<0,05);-0,04 (r<0,001);-0,07 (p<0,01); -0,0011 (r<0,1) and -0,10 (r<0,01), respectively.
4. The analysis of mtDNA HVS-1 showed that total rate of differentiation level for all populations was low: FST=0,013; p<0,0001. Level of diversity between groups was 0,6% (p<0,001) of the total variability. Parameter of genetic differences between Turkic and Indo-Iranian populations made 0,55% (p<0,0283) of the total genetic variability. The rate of genetic differentiation on a sub-ethnic level was significantly expressed in Indo-Iranian group (FST=0,0197;r<0,001) than among the Turkic-speaking (0,3%; p=0,10). In all populations, in general, wasn‟t detected the correlation between genetic and geographic distances at the global level on mtDNA HVS-1: r=0,00682; p=0,502.
5. Analysis of STR-NRY showed that the level of the genetic differentiation between ethnic groups was 5,6% (p<0,02); general differentiation between populations made RST=0,186 (p<0,001). Combined analysis, taking into account the language and way of life of Turkic and Indo Iranian populations, showed the general differences between the two groups – 9,1% Value of genetic differentiation when comparing the ethnos-ethnos was slightly lower than the level within ethnos: 5,6% among ethnic groups, 18,6%, and 13,7%-between populations within the ethnic group.
6. Analysis of heterozygosity (H) and the average number of pairwise differences (p) of mtDNA, were high in nomadic populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,29) and farmer populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,32). Heterozygosity (H) on Y- chromosome was lower in nomadic groups than in the agrarian – 0,86 and 0,99,respectively (p<0,01). Nomadic populations exhibit a higher level of population differentiation (RST) in comparison with farmers - 0,19 and 0,06, respectively (p<0,01). Indicators of population growth (r) were lower in nomadic populations compared with farmers - 1,004 and 1,008, respectively (p=0,056).
7. The level of genetic differentiation in all ethnic groups was higher on the Y chromosome in comparison with mtDNA. The farming populations showed no significant difference in the genetic differentiation FST (Y)=0,069 and FST (mtDNA)=0,034, while among patrilineal nomadic population the level of genetic diversity was higher in the male line of inheritance - FST(Y)=0,177 and FST (mtDNA)=0,010. Genetic diversity of population structure in patrilineal nomads on autosomal and X-linked markers were: FST (A)=0,008 (0,006-0,010) and FST (X)=0,011 (0,001-0,004) (H0: FST(A)=FST(X); H1: FST(A)>FST(X); p=0,02). In bilinear farmer populations the differences of autosomal and X-chromosomal markers were insignificant: FST (A)=0,014 (0,012-0,016) and FST (X)=0,013 (0,008-0,018 at p=0,36).
8. Analysis of mtDNA indicated that the age of expansion on the territory of Eurasia (τw) declined significantly from East to West (r=0,72; p<0,001). The age of expansion had a pronounced tendency to decrease from 30 thousand years in China to 17 thousand years in Western Europe. Age of expansion in Central Asia amounted to 26 thousand years. Results of expansion analysis on NRY also show a decrease in genetic diversity from the East to the West of Eurasia (r=0,49; p<0,001). In Central Asia this age was 16 thousand yrs. According STRs-NRYBatwing analysis of the minimal age of Uzbek population origin was 1232,71 yrs old (Ne=14088 (6765-23942); α=0,0108 (0,0065-0,0155)).
9. The apportionment of multilocus genetic variations among ethnic and linguistic groups of Central Asian populations showed that more than 98% of all variations were within the population (p<0,0001). Evaluation of the ethnic and linguistic affiliations in the observed variations showed reliable conformity - FST=0,007; p<0,0001 and FST=0,011; p<0,0001, respectively. We didn‟t find evidence of geographical isolation within each of the Turkic and Indo Iranian groups of populations (p=0,363 and p=0,772, respectively).
10. Analysis of multilocus allelic diversity (AR) and heterozygosity (He) showed differences among the Central Asian and other populations in allelic variety (χ2 =105,29; d.f.=25; p<0,0001) and heterozygosity (χ2=67,98; d.f.=25; p<0,0001). Population differentiation at multilocus analysis at populations of Central Asia is more pronounced than in the other regions of Eurasia: in European and Middle Eastern groups pairwise estimation of FST ranged from 0,011 to 0,015 and -0,008-0,021, respectively; in East-Asian groups from -0,011 to 0,046; and finally, in Central Asia these rates ranged from -0,004 to 0,056. Heterozygosity was significantly higher in the group of the Indo-Iranian populations than among Turkic-speaking (He=0,818 and He=0,787, respectively; Z=-4, 55; p<0,0001). According to multilocus analysis all 26 Central Asian populations slightly but significantly differed (FST=0,015; CI99%=0,011-0,018; p<0,01).
In order to produce a uniformly high and high-quality crop from soybeans grown in the conditions of typical burlap soils exposed to irrigation erosion of Samarkand region: in the unwashed part of the soil of the area, the sowing is carried out in the norms of 80 kg/ha seedva N90P63K45 kg/ha, as a result of stratification on the basis of resurstejamkor agrotechnologies in the norms of seedva N90P42K30 kg/ha to n120p84k60 kg/ha when the soil is washed and seedva n70p42k30 kg/ha in the washed soil collected part of the field, the yield of soybeans "Selekta 201" in the areas where the soil is not washed 29,8-31,6-28,3 ts, Variety 26,4-28,5-24,7; sort of "Nena" 24,6-26,2-23,2 ts/ha, these indicators are in accordance with the above-mentioned norms of planting and fertilization in the "Selekta 201" variety in the areas where the soil is washed 28,2-27,5-29,4; on"Uzbekskaya-2" 25,3-24,6-26,2; In "Nena"22,5-21,7-24,8 ts/ha, the yield of the "Selecta 201" variety of soybeans in the above planting and fertilization norms in the collected (accumulated) part of the washed soil of the experimental field 31,5-30,2-29,3 TS / ha "Uzbekskaya-2" Variety 27,8-26,2-24,6; in "Nena"25,6-23,4-22,5 it was determined that ts/ha increased the fertility of these soils and ensured the cultivation of clean products without harming the ecological environment, while keeping the crop and the soil from washing with irrigation water.
In the articleIt has unique characteristics and characteristics that make it an endangered species of agricultural cropspear "Zukhra" restoration of local varieties, researches were conducted in order to establish nursery gardens for the propagation of seedlings.
"Zukhra" variety of pear, the results of research on determining the level of biological compatibility of seedlings, cultivar-graft combinations are presented. In the experiment, Zukhra and Azamat varieties of pear were grafted on seed seedlings, quince A, VA-29 and Ghox-9 grafts, and their ability to hold buds was studied. The high capacity of buds was noted in the Zukhra variety grafted on the Ghox-9 rootstock. It was observed that high results were achieved in the Zukhra variety grafted on standard seedlings Ghox-9.
This article analyzes the damage of pear varieties by powdery mildew. In the research, it was found that 11.7% of pear varieties were affected by powdery mildew in 2020, 12.3% in 2021 and 12.7% in 2022. Passkrasana and Hosui varieties of pear are resistant to powdery mildew, Nijisseyki variety is moderately resistant, and Carmen variety is resistant variety.
The article describes the technology of micro-clonal propagation of lemon Meyer variety in vitro. In vitro, the stages of sterilization, culture, branching, rooting of lemons in the propagation of the Meyer variety of lemon were studied. Different ratios of MS nutrient medium and different concentrations of auxin and cytokinin to the development of lemon exclusions were elucidated.
The article is given that the impact of planting date and methods on the growth and development of oilseed flax variety "Bahorikor" in the conditions of typical irrigated sierozem soils of Tashkent region is studied in practice. Experiments have shown that when the Bahorikor variety is planted early (March 1) in a row with a row spacing of 15 cm, it creates a favorable environment for the growth and development of plants.
The new legislation in the field of environment law, issues of biodiversity, flora and fauna, food security, forest use and environmental safety, environmental policies and rational use of natural resources are discussed.
SUMMARY
Abstract in English. Preservation of the natural environment
It is one of the universal values as a necessary condition for the continuation of life on earth. But the process of realizing this is very slow.
Social, political and legal issues in this regard are among the issues of state importance. Protection of the environment, rational use of natural resources, ensuring the environmental safety of the population is one of the main directions of state environmental policy. The role and importance of the legal framework in regulating the complex environmental legal relations that arise in this process is enormous
It should be noted that in the Republic of Uzbekistan, as in the Commonwealth of Independent States, environmental policy is based on a number of conceptual principles, the protection of the environment, rational use of natural resources, environmental safety of the population is regulated by a number of environmental legislation.
About 30 special environmental laws and more than 350 normative legal acts have been developed by many governments to ensure the ecological safety of the population, the rational use of natural resources, its protection and its transmission to the next generation in a pure form. It is obvious that the development of fundamental research in the field of physiology, genetics and selection and the implementation of this research in practice will have a positive impact on the development of agriculture.
The main goal of genetic engineering research is to create a new species, variety, breed, variety by interacting with the main element of a living thing - the gene. Varieties and breeds created by genetic engineering should be distinguished from varieties and breeds created by traditional selection methods. In genetic engineering, animals and plants of the same species or family are completely distant from each other, and plants and animals in a family are crossbred or artificially modified by mutual genetic engineering to create a new variety and breed. The result is hybrids and mutants (e.g., a mixture of elephant and camel, fish and chicken, wolf and rabbit) that are absolutely difficult to fit into the human imagination. According to the world community, the creation of such hybrids and mutants can have a negative impact on human health, along with disrupting the existing natural balance. Given these circumstances, it is necessary to prohibit such research.
To date, advances in research in the field of genetic engineering have led to the creation of a number of useful tools for improving human life, health and living conditions. Indeed, future research in the field of genetic engineering will play a key role in the development of various vaccines that prevent any disease, drugs that quickly cure diseases, and the emergence of new food products.
From the studied varieties of lemon, the variety Pervenets Uzbekistan stood out in all respects, from the varieties of orange, the variety Korolek Pear-shaped 20 centners per hectare stood out in terms of yield, and from the varieties of mandarin, the variety Okitsu Wase stood out.
This article analyzes the data on biometric indicators of new promising varieties of soybean
"Tashkent", "Sevinch" and "Madad". According to the results of the study, the yield was 3.8-3.8 t /ha
in “Tashkent” variety, 3.8-3.3 t/ ha in “Sevinch” variety and 3.6-3.9 t/ha in “Madad” variety.
In this article, the transition periods of phenological phases and yield indicators in lemon varieties and hybrids are studied. During research, the beginning of bud opening of lemon varieties was observed from February 23 (Meyer). Flowering in the varieties began on March 11, in the first-fruits of Uzbekistan and the yielding variety of Uzbekistan. Average duration of flowering in varieties was 41 days. The second growth period of shoots (16/V-30/V) began, the duration of which was 26-36 days. The beginning of fruit ripening in varieties and hybrids of lemon was determined on October 14 in the first variety of Uzbekistan and hybrid No. 34-85. For the first time, full ripening of fruits was found in hybrid No. 34-85 (4/X1).
The weed thickness in the control was altogether (P<0.05) higher than under the tree species. The understorey weed variety was in the request for Albizzia procera > Aleurites fordii >Areca catechu > Azadiratcha indica, Gmelina arborea and Toona ciliata > Tectona grandis. No connection between the light force and supplement status of the dirt underneath the tree species with the understorey weed variety and thickness portrays less effect of the development assets on weed vegetation.
This article gives information on variety of forms and genres in modern poetry. In world literature, poetic genres form a unique artistic system. In particular, genres such as room, sonnet, ballad, rondo, triolet, hokku, elegy have signs of centuries-old development. Therefore, the characteristics of these genres are intertwined, interacting and living. These genres, which are traditional in world poetry, have their own laws and certain definitions. We discuss those issues in our research.
Digital learning and education are as important as formal education has been up to now, however there is a much larger amount of information available through digital learning. By using a variety of technical tools, a greater number of information can be displayed, and the material presented is more interesting. Digital learning and education are as important as formal education has been up to now, however there is a much larger amount of information available through digital learning. By using a variety of technical tools, a greater number of information can be displayed, and the material presented is more interesting. If you are doing research, you can get plenty of other research papers that can be presented to those who study. The very way of research and analysis has changed much since the emergence of the Internet and IT technology. Today one does not have to travel to certain parts of the world, but can work with others via the Internet or video conference calls.
The article is dedicated to analysis of the repetitions, expressed by noun in Uzbek translation of the work "Romeo and Juliet" by W. Shakespeare. In it is considered way of talking of the repetitions in Uzbek translation of original English text is spoken about skill of the translator in process, are researched particularities of their usage. Linguistics uses several means of expression to ensure the effectiveness of speech. One of them is repetition, which serves to effectively express the speaker's speech and causes the listener to emotionally arouse in connection with a certain event or incident, as well as to highlight certain statements in speech. It is used when the speaker is under the influence of strong emotions. Repetition, as one of the most common stylistic devices, is found in a wide variety of genres, colorful works and in a wide variety of texts. As a stylistic method, the properties of repetition are associated with the feelings and moods of the reader, reinforcing and reinforcing the thinking in his mind. Therefore, in our opinion, the main stylistic function of repetition is the function of absorbing strong emotions and subtleties in the reader or listener. There are also types of repetitive stylistic means such as verbal, phonetic, lexical, syntactic, semantic repetition. Hence, it also includes multiple uses of units at a specific linguistic level or at multiple levels to improve the tone and emotionality of the text. The power of this effect is manifested not only in the repetitive units of phonetic and lexical meaning, but also in the communicative and distant repetition of repetitive linguistic units in this context. Thus, the main function of communicative repetitions is to draw the attention of the reader or listener to the emotionality and expressiveness of the expression, as well as to create the tone of the text. Duplicate words that go side by side (at the end of the first sentence and at the beginning of the second sentence) always provide new or additional information in sync with the development of the textual content. They help create vertical rhyme and enhance the expressiveness of the poetic image.
Dust of the two Tillandsia species were predominant among dust types found on the honey bees. Examples of B. atratus, B. morio and T. spinipes, found on the blossoms of T. stricta, introduced 100% dust from that plant. Bombus atratus examples visiting T. tenuifolia, introduced 90% dust from that source and 10% from Mimosa pudica, accordingly uncovering the upward scavenging conduct of this honey bee species. Honey bees that visit T. tenuifolia e T. stricta on their blossoming are likely dispersers of their dust.
The article examines the water consumption for harvesting 1 centner of soybean variety “Tomaris”, grown as an auxiliary crop, under various irrigation regimes.