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THE FAUNA, DISTRIBUTION, AND INFLUENCE OF ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS
ON APHIDINEA SPECIES IN THE TERRITORY OF KOKAND STATE FORESTRY,
FERGANA REGION
Zafarjon M. Ernazarov
, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Biology
Kokand State University, Uzbekistan
E-mail:
zafarbek1985@gmail.com. ORCID:
0009-0009-5844-3852
Shoirakhon R. Toshmatova
, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Biology
Kokand State University, Uzbekistan
e-mail:
shoiraxon@gmail.com ORCID:
0009-0009-1535-0701
Khilola E. Ernazarova
, PhD
Lecturer, Department of English Language and Literature
Kokand State University, Uzbekistan
e-mail:
ORCID: 0009-0005-4634-9122
Abstract:
This article explores the taxonomic composition, biological and ecological
characteristics, seasonal development, habitats, and the impact of anthropogenic factors on the
aphid fauna (Aphidoidea) in the Kokand forestry area of the Fergana region. Based on field
observations conducted between 2021 and 2023, a total of 113 aphid species were identified,
belonging to five main families. The findings of this research hold significant scientific and
practical value for biodiversity monitoring, bioindication, and the development of entomological
control measures in the region.
Keywords:
aphids, aphid fauna, Aphidoidea, Kokand forestry, biodiversity, ecology, seasonal
development, taxonomy, anthropogenic impact
Introduction
According to the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh.M. Mirziyoyev dated
January 21, 2021, "On measures to develop science and promote scientific research in the field
of forestry," a number of actions have been planned to implement the concept of developing the
forestry system in Uzbekistan until 2030. The aims include ensuring integration of science and
production in forestry, encouraging scientific research, and improving the system for training
personnel with advanced foreign experience at the level of international standards [1].
Literature Review
In the initial stages of aphidological research, alongside faunistic studies, special attention was
paid to studying the aphid fauna of forests, along with aphids harmful to agricultural crops. From
the 1950s, results of research by A.G. Davletshina began to be published. Most of these works
were dedicated to studying the morphology, biology, and taxonomy of Aphis gossypii, A.
craccivora, and Acyrthosiphon gossypii. In her second publication in 1952, Davletshina gave a
detailed description of the life cycle of Aphis catalpae, noting that it inhabits only catalpa
throughout the season and does not migrate to other plants [5]. Her practical research provided
the basis for assigning an independent taxonomic status to catalpa aphids, dispelling earlier
beliefs that catalpa was the main host plant of A. gossypii [5].
In 1962, the Tajik aphidologist M.N. Narzikulov published an important monograph [4], which
included comprehensive data on morphology, biology, taxonomy, vertical and zoogeographic
distribution of aphids in Tajikistan and neighboring republics, as well as on the historical
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formation of fauna. The theoretical conclusions and practical suggestions by the author were
further expanded and enriched with new scientific evidence in subsequent works [9].
In 1964, a monograph dedicated to the taxonomy and biology of aphids belonging to the genus
Aphis in the fauna of Uzbekistan was published. This work analyzed 53 species within this
morphologically similar and hard-to-distinguish group in detail.
A.G. Davletshina’s work on aphids in Bostanlik (Tashkent region) described the species
composition, host plants, and distribution of these insects. The fauna, morphology, and
biological characteristics of root aphids in Uzbekistan were studied by A.A. Kan [6].
From the 1960s, A.A. Muhammadiev started research on aphids in the Fergana Valley and
adjacent areas, marking a new stage in the study of aphids in Uzbekistan. Between 1961 and
1998, nearly ten new species in the genus Ferganaphis Mukh. were discovered and classified [7].
His monograph on the aphids of the Fergana Valley analyzed species harmful to agricultural
crops, fruit, and ornamental plants. In collaboration with M.H. Akhmedov, he co-authored a
second monograph detailing the species composition, biology, and ecological characteristics of
woolly aphids in Central Asia [8].
Between 1972 and 1980, M.H. Akhmedov thoroughly studied the fauna, biology, vertical
distribution along climatic zones, and zoogeographical features of dendrophilous aphids in
Western Tianshan. His research also focused on the biology, distribution, and damage caused by
certain species living on acclimatized trees and shrubs. Further research by Akhmedov and
colleagues analyzed the taxonomy, ecology, and faunogenesis of aphids in the arid mountainous
regions of Central Asia [2].
From 1992 to 1995, M.M. Yunusov studied the species composition, ecological and geographic
distribution of plant aphids in Central Tianshan, with detailed investigations on mountain and
forest aphids [12]. Research aimed at reducing aphid damage and managing harmful species in
cultivated biocenoses was conducted.
In Uzbekistan, the morphological variability, biology, and ecological features of aphids under
conditions of rapid anthropogenic pollution have been studied very little. K.H. Ganiev conducted
extensive research from 1997 to 2004 on the morpho-ecological variability of the green apple
aphid under anthropogenic pollution [3]. The results are useful for bioindication of
environmental pollution and for predicting seasonal development and density of green apple
aphids.
Sh.R. Toshmatova, during 2002–2010, studied anthropogenic transformations of aphids in the
Ohangaron oasis [11]. This work showed that under strong anthropogenic pressure, the aphid
fauna undergoes significant changes dependent on annual seasonal, local ecological conditions,
and pollution levels [10].
Results and Analysis
This research collected data on the biology and ecological features of the aphid fauna of plant
aphids in the forestry areas of Kokand. The results have practical significance, providing
important data for specialists in natural sciences.
The theoretical and practical study has led to certain conclusions and contributed to the
expansion of existing evidence.
The research was based on materials collected in 2021–2023 in the Kokand forestry area of the
Fergana region, including observations and practical experiments on aphid seasonal development,
biology, ecology, reproduction, and control methods.
The study was conducted in orchards, poplar, and elm plantations located in farmer households
within the Kokand forestry territory. Seasonal observations were carried out in spring, summer,
and autumn — from early spring when eggs hatched until female individuals laid fertilized eggs
in autumn. All changes occurring in aphid populations during this period were examined.
Based on observations, the distribution of plant aphids in the Kokand forestry aphid fauna by
families showed that the family Anoeciidae was represented by the fewest species, comprising
only one species of the genus Anocia, accounting for 0.88% of species diversity.
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The family Aphididae held the leading position with the highest number of genera and species—
13 genera and 70 species (61.6%).
The family Pemphigidae ranked second in terms of genera and species richness, comprising 6
genera (12%) and 23 species (20.24%).
Representatives of the family Lachnidae included 9 species (7.92%) from the genera Cinara,
Eulachnus, Tuberolachnus, Pterochloroides, and Maculolachnus, while the family
Chaitophoridae consisted of 12 species (10.56%) from the genera Chaitophorus and Periphyllus.
Conclusion
The research and observation work thoroughly covered the current state of the topic,
materials, and methods.
Literature analysis discussed the work of foreign and Uzbek aphidologists studying plant
aphids.
Materials for the study were collected based on seasonal observations in farmer
households of the Kokand forestry.
The forestry was established in 1937 on the lands of Kipchak and Fergana forestry
divisions, with additional land allocated from state land reserves.
Although several researchers have studied aphids and compiled literature, the Kokand
forestry area of the Fergana region had not been systematically studied.
This study was based on aphidological material collected during 2021–2024 and practical
observations in the Kokand forestry and surrounding areas.
Aphid samples were collected and analyzed seasonally during spring, summer, and
autumn, and partially in winter.
During collection, aphid distribution, damage to host plants, plant changes, and other
factors were studied, with herbarium specimens prepared.
Seasonal changes in aphid developmental stages and population density were analyzed in
relation to temperature and humidity.
The aphid fauna of the Kokand forestry was investigated by families, revealing their
species composition and distribution.
References
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