No. 02 (2025) Volume - V Issue - II

This article is dedicated to the study of the publication history and research of Alisher Navoi’s Khamsa poems across different periods. It analyzes the dissemination of manuscripts from the 15th century onwards, as well as lithographic and critical editions published from the second half of the 19th century to the 20th century. Special attention is given to ideological modifications and omissions in Khamsa during the Soviet era due to censorship. Additionally, the article examines publications issued after independence, highlighting their characteristics, including the omission of religious and Sufi elements in earlier editions and the removal of such restrictions in the post-independence period. This study serves as a valuable source for understanding the publication history of Navoi’s legacy and developments in textual criticism.

Since gaining independence in 1991, Uzbekistan has witnessed significant transformations across multiple spheres, including the spiritual and educational domains. The government’s policies and social initiatives have sought to foster national identity, cultural heritage, and moral values while enhancing the quality of formal education. This article explores the development of spiritual life and education in Uzbekistan during the independence period, highlighting key reforms, challenges, and future directions.

Civil liability means a person’s obligation to compensate for the damage he inflicted on others, whether this obligation is specified in legal texts or under a contract. Liability is divided into contractual and tort. Liability is contractual if the obligation that was breached has its origin in the contract, such as the seller’s responsibility to deliver the sold item at the agreed upon time and place. Accordingly, there is tort liability if the obligation that was breached had its origin in an illegal act, that is, a violation of an obligation approved by the law. Does the contract bind only its two parties, or is it possible for its validity and effect to exceed another person, and once the breach arises, civil liability arises towards him.

The rapid advancement of digital technology has transformed education, necessitating a shift in teacher development strategies. This paper explores how Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) is leveraging technology to revolutionize teacher training, ensuring educators are equipped with the necessary pedagogical and digital skills for 21st-century classrooms. It examines the integration of e-learning platforms, virtual classrooms, and digital resources in teacher education, highlighting both opportunities and challenges. The study also evaluates the effectiveness of these innovations in enhancing teaching methodologies and learner engagement. By embracing a technology-driven approach, ZOU is redefining teacher development, fostering a more interactive and accessible learning environment. The findings provide insights into best practices for blending pedagogy with technology to improve educational outcomes.

This article examines the artistic details in the plots of historical dramas created during the years of independence. The meanings of artistic details in the work are also discussed.

The Study addressed developing the tourism sector and its contribution to reducing unemployment. The researcher relied on description and analysis based on describing and analyzing the phenomenon to extract results.

In light of this, several hypotheses were identified as follows:

1. The contribution of millions of visits to increasing the tourism sector's need for workers
2. Developing the tourism sector leads to graduates working in it
3. The contribution of tourism institutes and colleges in graduating a tourism cadre capable of working efficiently in the tourism sector
4. The contribution of historical and religious places in Iraq that attract tourists to increasing the size of the workforce

The Study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which was the absence of a strategic plan to advance the tourism reality in Iraq and thus increase the size of unemployment. The Study concluded with a set of necessary proposals, the most important of which are:

1. Prepare a comprehensive national plan prepared by the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities by appointing several graduates in coordination with other ministries and government departments to work in those departments in their specialization.
2. Encouraging investment in the tourism sector, especially in building large hotels and resorts, to increase the number of workers in the tourism sector. Keywords: Development of the tourism sector, unemployment.

The research dealt with the first chapter of the methodological framework of the research, the research problem, the importance of the research and the need for it, the research objective, the research limits, the identification and definition of terms, the second chapter the theoretical framework and previous studies, the first section dealt with citizenship, its concept and components, the characteristics of citizenship, the dimensions of the concept of citizenship, the values of citizenship (freedom, equality, justice), the components of citizenship belonging, the concept of belonging, the dimensions of belonging (identity, loyalty, commitment, affection and love), while the second section included advertising and the factors affecting its perception, the definition of advertising, communication and the elements of the process Communication, communication functions, visual communication, classification of advertising posters according to their function, they are (political posters, commercial posters, economic posters, tourist posters, religious posters, cultural posters, social posters, informational posters, and previous studies, Chapter Three This chapter deals with the research procedures, first: research methodology, second: the research community includes the community (intellectual and objective aspect, technical and formal aspect) third: the research sample (model No. (1) Corrupt media divides us - researcher's work, model No. (2) honesty saves you and lying disgraces you - researcher's work, model No. (3) equality - researcher's work), Chapter Four: This chapter deals with: First: Results, Second: Conclusions, Third: Sources.

Psychological empowerment is one of the modern trends that have emerged in human resources management, which is reflected in improving job performance, especially in the field of tourist guidance, which represents the backbone of the tourism and hospitality industry. The study aimed to identify the concept of psychological empowerment and clarify its importance, identify the types of psychological empowerment and the stages of its formation, explain the concept of tourist guide performance and its determinants, and shed light on the most important modern tools for measuring tourist guide performance and the models that explain it. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach, and used the questionnaire to collect data from a random sample of tourist guides, the size of which was (110) individuals. The study concluded the importance of psychological empowerment in achieving psychological and professional safety for workers, and improving the job performance of workers in the field of tourist guidance. Psychological empowerment was interpreted in light of Spreitzer's theory according to four dimensions that included meaning, impact, efficiency, and self-report. Tour guide performance was also interpreted in light of the Kaizen model and the Deming model. The study presented a set of recommendations, including providing training programs for tourist guides to improve performance and develop the capabilities of workers in the field of tourist guidance according to a comprehensive strategy for management. Human resources in tourism organizations.

Under the orders of the Russian Empire, several administrative institutions and scientific societies were established in the Turkestan General-Governorship in the second half of the XIX century and the early XX century. This article examines the history of the activities of these environmental institutions and societies based on historical sources.

Currently, ensuring security in the international arena and researching the factors influencing it is relevant. Today, the number and types of factors threatening national and international security are expanding. This article discusses conceptual approaches to the socio-political study of national and regional security.

This article presents a philosophical analysis of the factors and prospects for the development of military social work, as well as its goals and principles. It discusses the key principles of military social work, its strategic development directions, and the ways to ensure its effective growth in modern conditions.The current stage of military social work development is examined, emphasizing its connection with strengthening the social protection of military personnel and enhancing the spiritual and psychological preparedness of all categories of military staff.

This article talks about the reforms aimed at gender equality in the Republic of Uzbekistan and its effect. In particular, the problems and needs of women living in the country are studied and the decisions and changes made in recent years to eliminate these problems are discussed.

At the beginning of the 21st century, humanity began to face problems related to the imminent depletion of traditional energy sources and the deterioration of the ecological state of the Earth. These problems have become extremely urgent and cause justified concern in the world community on a global scale. This article provides information on the introduction of solar energy in Uzbekistan and the measures taken in this regard.