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BORROWINGS OF ENGLISH SPORTS TERMS IN KARAKALPAK
Kurbanbaev Dj.A.
Nukus, Uzbekistan
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Docent, Berdakh KSU
Djumamuratova M.R.
Nukus, Uzbekistan
MA student, Berdakh KSU
Abstract:
Language is a dynamic entity that constantly evolves, adapting to changing
societal and cultural influences. The borrowing of foreign words, or loanwords, is a
common phenomenon in linguistics. This article explores the presence and adaptation of
English sports terms in the Karakalpak language, a turkic language spoken in
Uzbekistan. The study examines the mechanisms of borrowing, phonological and
morphological adaptations, and the implications of these borrowings for the Karakalpak
language and its speakers. By delving into the impact of globalization and sports on
language, this research sheds light on the dynamic nature of linguistic evolution and
cross-cultural exchange.
Keywords:
Language borrowing, loanwords, English sports terms, Karakalpak language,
language evolution, cultural exchange, linguistic creativity.
As we know, languages are in constant development and change. These changes in
the vocabulary of languages are especially noticeable. The vocabulary of the language is
in constant, we can say in daily change, because all those changes that occur in the life of
a particular people are primarily reflected in the vocabulary system of their languages.
According to scientists engaged in research of Indo-European languages in 100 years, i.e.
within one century, even with a calm and moderate life, 15% of words change in any
language (5, 184-185). There are particularly intense periods in the development of the
vocabulary of languages. These are periods when great socio-political and social changes
take place in the life of peoples.
Language borrowing is a natural consequence of interactions between different
linguistic communities. Globalization has facilitated the exchange of ideas, technology,
and culture across borders, with language often serving as a medium of communication.
In this context, the borrowing of foreign words, known as loanwords, is a fascinating
linguistic phenomenon that reflects the influence of one language on another. This article
focuses on the borrowing of English sports terms in the Karakalpak language, aiming to
explore the mechanisms of borrowing, the adaptation of loanwords, and the implications
of these borrowings for the Karakalpak language and its speakers [1,79].
Karakalpak is a Turkic language spoken by the Karakalpak people, primarily
residing in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, the region of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It
belongs to the larger Turkic language family, which includes languages like Uzbek,
Kazakh, Kirgiz and others. The Karakalpak language has its unique grammar,
vocabulary, and phonology, making it an interesting case for studying language
borrowings.
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During the years of Independence, in this relatively short period, huge changes
have taken place in the language policy and language life of the peoples of Uzbekistan.
Uzbek and Karakalpak languages got on their feet and became stronger as state
languages. Their functional roles have expanded. It is necessary to emphasize that with
the acquisition of the Karakalpak language as the state language, the development of
Karakalpak terminology on an original linguistic basis has intensified, a huge number of
Karakalpak terms, complete and semi-calcification of English terms such as toreshi
(judge),hujimshi (striker), qorgawshy (defender), upay (point), Tambih have appeared
and are appearing (warning), zhenimpaz (winner), sport sheberi (master of sports), sardar
(captain), ishkypaz, zhankuyer (fan).
Sports have a significant cultural and global impact, with international sporting
events like the Olympics, World Cup, and the English Premier League, transcending
borders and languages. As a result, sports-related terminology often becomes part of a
global lingua franca, with many languages borrowing and adapting these terms.
Phonological borrowing involves adapting the pronunciation of English words to
fit Karakalpak phonology. This is essential for the terms to be understood and used
correctly by Karakalpak speakers. For example, the English term «football» is
pronounced as «futbol» in Karakalpak, demonstrating phonological adaptation. Semantic
borrowing occurs when the meaning of an English sports term is integrated into the
Karakalpak language. For instance, the term «goal» in the context of soccer has been
borrowed into Karakalpak, but it refers specifically to the concept of scoring in soccer
rather than a generic goal [2, 421].
Here some examples of English sports terms borrowed and adapted in the
Karakalpak language:
1.
Football - «Futbol» (Phonological Borrowing).
In Karakalpak, the English term «football» has been adapted to «futbol» to match
the Karakalpak phonological structure. This term is commonly used to refer to soccer.
2.
Goal - «Gol» (Semantic Borrowing).
The English term «goal» has been borrowed into Karakalpak but is primarily used
in the context of scoring a point in soccer. It carries the same semantic meaning as in
English.
3.
Basketball - «Basketbol» (Phonological Borrowing).
The English word «basketball» is adapted to «basketbol» in Karakalpak. The
adaptation involves altering the pronunciation to match Karakalpak phonetics.
4.
Referee - «Referi» (Phonological Borrowing).
The English term «referee» becomes «referi» in Karakalpak. This adaptation
reflects changes in pronunciation to suit Karakalpak phonology.
Adaptation to changing circumstances: Languages adapt to changing
circumstances, and borrowing is one way in which they do so. As new concepts,
technologies, or cultural phenomena emerge, languages need to incorporate vocabulary to
describe these developments. In the case of sports, globalization and international
communication have made it necessary for languages to integrate a growing div of
sports-related terminology.
Cultural Exchange: Language borrowing is often closely tied to cultural exchange.
When a language borrows terms from another, it reflects the influence and impact of the
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source culture on the borrowing culture. In the context of English sports terms in the
Karakalpak language, it signifies the interconnectedness of global sporting cultures and
the Karakalpak people’s engagement with this broader cultural phenomenon. [3.212]
Linguistic Creativity: Borrowing is not a passive process but rather a creative one.
As foreign terms are integrated into a language, they often undergo phonological,
semantic, or morphological adjustments to align with the borrowing language’s structure.
This showcases the linguistic creativity of speakers as they adapt and modify borrowed
words to make them coherent within their linguistic system.
The analysis of borrowed terms shows that the borrowing and mastering of the
Karakalpak language English sport terms have their own specific features and patterns.
In conclusion, language borrowing, such as the incorporation of English sports
terms into the Karakalpak language, is a compelling example of how languages are
living, evolving entities. They adapt, create, and change in response to the needs of their
speakers and the influences of the world around them. This dynamic nature is a testament
to the resilience and flexibility of language, making it a fascinating field of study for
linguists and an essential aspect of understanding the cultural and societal changes of our
interconnected world. The results of the study, in our opinion, will help in the unification
of the spelling of borrowed words and words formed on their basis in the Karakalpak
language. The main results of the work can serve as some guide in the further borrowing
of words and the formation of new words based on them.
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